A variable is a characteristic or property of an individual population unit

A population (совокупность) is a set of units (usually people, objects, transactions, or events) that we are interested in studying.

Fundamental Elements of Statistics

Inferential statistics utilizes sample data to make estimates, decisions, predictions or other generalizations about a larger set of data.

Descriptive statistics utilizes numerical and graphical methods to look for patterns in a data set, to summarize the information revealed in a data set, and to present that information in a convenient form.

Types of Statistical Applications

Statistics is the science of data. This involves collecting, classifying, summarizing, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting numerical information.

The Science of Statistics

Statistics, Data, and Statistical Thinking

Lecture 1 Introduction

Figure 1.4. Myeloid cells in innate and adaptive immunity.

Cells of the myeloid lineage perform various important functions in the immune response. The cells are shown schematically in the left column in the form in which they will be represented throughout the rest of the book. A photomicrograph of each cell type is shown in the center column. Macro-phages and neutrophils are primarily phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens and destroy them in intracellular vesicles, a function they perform in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells are phagocytic when they are immature and take up pathogens; after maturing they act as antigen-presenting cells to T cells, initiating

adaptive immune responses. Macrophages can also present antigens to T cells and can activate them. The other myeloid cells are primarily secretory cells that release the contents of their prominent granules upon activation via antibody during an adaptive immune response. Eosinophils are thought to be involved in attacking large antibodycoated parasites such as worms, whereas the function of basophils is less clear. Mast cells are tissue cells that trigger

a local inflammatory response to antigen by releasing substances that act on local blood vessels. Photographs courtesy of N. Rooney and B. Smith.

Definition 1.1

Definition 1.2

Definition 1.3

Definition 1.4

Definition 1.5

For example, we may be interested in the variables age, gender, and / or the number of years of education of the people currently unemployed in a certain country.

The name “variable” is derived from the fact that any particular characteristic may vary among the units in a population.

Definition 1.6

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