Grammatical categories of the English verbs

Tasks for seminar 11

External means of enriching vocabulary

Very many new words appear in New English due to borrowing. It is necessary to say here that the process of borrowing, the sources of loan words, the nature of the new words is different from Middle English and their appearance in the language cannot be understood unless sociolinguistic factors are taken into consideration.

Chronologically speaking, New English borrowings may be subdivided into borrowings of the Early New English period –XV – XVII centuries, the period preceding the establishment of the literary norm, and loan words which entered the language after the establishment of the literary norm – in the VIII – XX centuries, the periods which generally allude to as the Late New English.

4 Early New English borrowings (XV – XVII)

Borrowings into the English Language in the XV – XVII centuries are primarily due to political events and also to the cultural and, trade relations between the English people and peoples in other countries, thus, in theXV century – the epoch of Renaissance, there appeared in the English Language many words from Italian tongue:

Cameo, archipelago, dilettante, fresco, violin, balcony, gondola, grotto, volcano;

In the XVI century – Spanish and Portuguese words, such as:

armada, negro, tornado, mosquito, renegade, matador

and also Latin

- verbs: aggravate, abbreviate, exaggerate, frustrate, separate, irritate, contribute, persecute, prosecute, execute, etc.

- adjectives: arrogant, reluctant, evident, obedient, superior, senior, junior, dental, cordial, filial, etc.

In theXVII century due to relations with the peoples of America such words were borrowed as:

canoe, maize, potato, tomato, tobacco, mahogany, cannibal, hammock, squaw, moccasin, wigwam, etc.

French borrowings – ball, ballet, billet, coquette, intrigue, fatigue, naïve.

5 Late New English borrowings (VIII – XX)

- German:

kindergarten, waltz, wagon, boy, girl

- French:

Magazine, machine, garage, police, engine,etc.

- Indian:

bungalow, jungle, indigo

- Chinese:

coolie, tea

- Arabic:

caravan, divan, alcohol, algebra, coffee, bazaar, orange, cotton, candy, chess

- Australian:

kangaroo, boomerang

- Russian:

realia – borzoi, samovar, tsar, verst, taiga

- Bolshevik, kolkhoz

cultural and technical -sputnik, lunokhod, synchrophasotron

political terms – glasnost, perestroika

Greek and Latin scientific and technical terms – telephone, telegraph, microphone, sociology, politology, electricity, etc.

Speak on:

- grammar categories- analytical forms

- category of voice

- category of aspect

- category of tense

- category of mood

Дата добавления: 2014-01-11