I. Translation as a notion and subject

II. The problem of translatability.

III. The general theory of translation: object and objectives.

IV. Special theories of translation.

V. Basic approaches to translation (basic translation theories/ methods).

VI. The trends (translation schools) in the science of translation

REFERENCES

1. Korunets’ I.V. Theory and Practice of Translation. – Vinnytsia: New Book, 2003. – P.10-13.

2. Miram G.E., Daineko V.V., Taranukha L.A., Gryshchenko M.V., Gon O.M. Basic Translation. – Київ: Ельга Ніка-Центр, 2003. – P. 30-49; 90.

3. Komissarov V.N., Koralova A.L. A Manual Of Translation from English into Russian – М.: Высшая школа, 1990. – C. 4-10.

4. Максимов С.Є. Усний двосторонній переклад (англійська та українська мови). Курс лекцій та матеріали до семінарських занять. – К.: Вид.центр КНЛУ, 2002. – С. 6-8.

5. Комиссаров В.Н. Теория перевода (лингвистические аспекты). – М.: Высшая школа, 1990. – С. 6-51.

ADDITIONAL SOURCES

1. Бархударов Л.С. Язык и перевод. – М.: Международные отношения, 1975. – С. 5-26.

2. Коптілов В. Першотвір і переклад. – К.: Дніпро, 1972. – С. 3-11.

3. Рецкер Я.И. Теория перевода и переводческая практика. – М.: Международные отношения, 1974. – С. 24-28.

4. Швейцер А.Д. Перевод и лингвистика. – М.: Воениздат, 1973. – С. 6-16.

5. G.Miram Translation Algorithms: Introduction to Translation Formalization. – K.: Tvim Inter, 1998. – P. 7-8.

I. Translation as a notion and subject.

In translatology there exist many rather controversial definitions of translation suggested by the representatives of different schools of linguistics and translation. These definitions range from formal, structural to semantic and functional approaches to translation.

According to the structural approach (the representatives: N.Chomsky, O.Kade, V.Rosentsveig) translation is defined as the substitution of elements or structures of one language by the elements or structures of another language.

In semantic and functional approach (E.Nida, C.Taber) translation is viewed as rendering in the TL of the closest equivalent of the initial message from the point of view of its meaning and style.

All these approaches contributed to a contemporary understanding of translation as interlingual and intercultural communication recognized by many Ukrainian (I.Korunets, S.Maksymov, G.Miram, A.Panasyev, O.Semenets), Russian (L.Barkhudarov, G.Chernov, V.Komissarov, A.Shveitser) and Western (M.Baker, M.A.K.Halliday) writers on the subject.

According to this understanding translation is a process of transforming speech messages in the SL into the speech messages in the TL under condition that their sense and communicative intention remain unchanged (G.Chernov).

It is quite natural that in the process of translation the form of the messages can be transformed. Such transformations which are inevitable in the process of translation are also called code shifting.

The process of translation is often described for practical reasons as a three-stage pattern (see Shveitser, Miram):

STAGE 1 STAGE 3

S1 R1 S2 R2

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