Translation during the period of classicism and Enlightenment. Translation during the Renaissance period

Translation during the Renaissance period

Translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.

The earliest mentions of translation, the translation development during ancient times until 500 AD.

Oppositions

The phonemes of the language form a system of oppositions in which any phoneme is usually opposed to other phonemes in at least one position, in at least one minimal pair. All the sounds should be opposed in word-initial, word-medial and word-final positions.

There are three kinds of opposition:

- single – pen – ben; common: occlusive, labial

differentiating: fortis – lenis.

- double – pen – den; Common – occlusive; Dif. – labial – lingual; fortis voiceless – lenis voiced

- triple – pen – then; dif. – occlusive constrictive, labial dental, fortis voiceless – lenis voiced

Each phoneme is characterized by a certain number of phonologically relevant features, which are its constant distinctive features (as they distinguish the phoneme from the other phonemes of the language).

Each allophone of a certain phoneme is characterized by definite phonologically relevant features (which are common to all the allophones) plus a number of irrelevant, or incidental, features (which distinguish the allophone from all the other allophones of the phoneme).

The phonologically relevant features that characterize the phoneme /p/ are, therefore, bilabial, occlusive and fortis. Aspiration, plosiveness, labialization, nasalisation etc. are phonologically irrelevant features.

The substitution of one of the phonologically relevant feature by any other relevant feature results that the phoneme becomes a different phoneme (pie-tie). The substitution of one irrelevent feature for another (aspirated-non-aspirated) results in a different allophone of one and the same phoneme. Such substitution does not affect communication.

In the system of Englis vowels there are oppositions of:

Monophthong between themselves and diphthongs between themselves (these oppositions are based on differences in the movements and positions of the tongue and the lips)

Monophthongs and diphthongs (theses oppositions are based on both above mentioned differences and the absence and presence of a glide).

There are no phonlogical oppositions in the system of English vowel phonemes based on length alone.

In the system of English consonants there are oppositions based on the

- force of articulation (fortis, lenis)

- on the active organ of speech

- on the type of obstruction.

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