Basic|main| sources|spring| of anthropogenic environment contamination

DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTIVE FORCES|strenth| AND ANTHROPOGENIC Impact ON ENVIRONMENT

THEME|object-matter| 5

Procedure for the Adoption of Conventions and Recommendations

ILO Acts as sources of international labor law

Classification of international labor law sources

Concept of international labor law sources

SEMINAR PROGRAM

Themes of abstracts:

1. European regional standards as sources of international labour law

2. Acts of CIS as sources of international labour law and their significance for Ukraine

3. Role of international framework agreements in international regulation of labour relations

Sources:

1. Constitution of the International Labour Organization// International Labour Office. - Geneva. -98 p.

2. Servais J.-M. International Labour Law// Kluwer Law International. – 2011. – 372 p.

3. Virginia A. Leary International Labour Conventions and National Law: The Effectiveness of the Automatic Incorporation of Treaties in National Legal Systems// BRILL, 1982 – 191 p.

4. Handbook of procedures relating to international labour Conventions and Recommendations (Rev. 2012). International Labour Standards Department. – 78 p.

5. List of instruments by subject and status. – NORMLEX. - http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:12030:0::NO:::

6. Boockmanm B. Decision-Making on ILO Conventions and Recommendations: Legal Framework and Application//Centre for European Economic Research. – 1998. -45 p.

7. Swepston L. Adoption of Standards by the International Labour Organization: Lessons and Limitations//Geneva, 2005. – 12 p.

The intensification of the global|worldwide| ecological situation (global warming, destruction of ozone atmosphere layer, desertization) is|appear| the result of worsening ecological situation in separate countries and world|peace| regions, where the contamination of the environment is most strong.

The contamination of the environment is introducing into any ecological system living or lifeless components or structural changes which are not inherent to it, which interrupt substances recycling, their assimilation, streams of energy, because of which this system collapses or its productivity declines.

At this stage of the biosphere contamination has different|diverse| forms|shape| of display and influence on man. Some contaminating factors cause|call| different|diverse| diseases|pathema|, pathological and genetic|hereditory| changes|variating| in an organism and reduce normal ability of people to work. Others have indirect influence, changing the environment|Wednesday| to the worse for man.

The direct influence of the biosphere contamination in the direct contact with man can be rendered by:

water – when using it|her| from natural sources which |spring|wwwunderwent biological|life-form|, chemical|chinagraph|, radiation or some other kind of contamination; from the urban water supply system when there are systems violations or of water cleaning technologies|technicology| violations;

soil|footwall| – when performing agricultural|farin| work|wrk| in areas, having a rest on the seaside or other territories which were exposed to any contamination;

air|aer|, which containsi|maintain| different|diverse| gaseous and hard|scirrhous| admixtures-contaminants|, pathogenic|pathogenic| microorganisms, radionuclides.|

The indirect influence on man by the biosphere contamination is carried out through animals|zoon|, plants, water, dust, air|aer| during direct contact, or more often by using them as food products in food chains.

Reasons|cause| for diseases|pathema| under the indirect influence of the contamination are|appear| violations of natural equilibrium (homoeostasis).

So, in Africa using the newest insecticides on large|big| territories |zone| of Sahel area destroyed tsetse fly(the carrier of «nagana» illness, because of which it was impossible to breed cattle). After this the total number of cattle sharply|hairpin| increased and overpickling of scanty savannas happened. For this area|zone| the interchange|interlace| of extremely droughty|drought-afflicted| and less droughty|drought-afflicted| periods is characteristic|character| in summer. Therefore when the next drought came hundred thousands of heads of cattle died which caused|call| hunger and death of people.

It is possible to consider illness of Minamata as an evident example of anthropogenic violation of the environment. In 1956 there was an epidemic of earlier unknown illness among people who lived on the banks of the bay of Minamata in the south of Japan. The symptoms of it were violations of peripheral sight, hearing, touch, co-ordination and conduct. By 1972 292 cases of disease were exposed, 62 of them being lethal. In 1969 scientists finally managed to prove that the reason for the disease was the influence of methylmercury HgCH ³, entering bay with sewages of factory of «Nippon chiссî» («Japanese nitrogen»). This compound appeared in the organisms of fishermen with fish and seafood. The content of mercury in fish was within the limits of 5–20 mg/kg. Proprietors and managers of the firm tried to burke this incident, but the court interfered and in 1971 by the court decision the firm was obliged to pay compensation to the families of the deceased and the injured. The total number of mortal cases exceeded 200, thousands of people were ill.

There are practically no borders for pollutants of the atmosphere and the biosphere on the whole. Such phenomenon, as acid precipitation, is dangerous for man not directly (although it is not useful to hair and skin), but indirectly, through soil. Such precipitation (both rain and snow) worsen the physical and chemical properties of soil and violate feeding plants, affect animals’ health, strengthen the toxic influence of other pollutants etc. As a result a man consuming vegetable and animal food is exposed to the harmful influence of the biosphere contamination factors at the considerable distance from the place of the fall of acid precipitation.

The negative activity of man is shown up in the following|downstream| directions:

1) Contamination of the environment;

2) Exhaustion of natural resources;

3) Destruction of the environment|Wednesday|.

The biosphere pollution is the inflow into it of any hard, liquid and gaseous substances or energy (warmth, sound, radiation) in amounts, rendering the harmful influence on man and living organisms both directly and indirectly.

The principal reasons for increasing the contamination of the environment are|appear|: the development of productive forces|strenth|, urbanization, the replacement of natural|real-life| raw materials and materials|fabric| by synthetic materials|fabric|, the necessity of financial providing|ADM| the growing population of the Earth|ground-to-air|.

The pollutant or contaminating factor can be any natural or anthropogenic physical agents, chemical substance and biological kind which appear in the environment in the amounts beyond the ordinary concentration. The basic index, which characterizes affecting the natural environment by pollutants is the ultimate possible concentration. The ultimate possible concentrations of concrete substances are top limits of limiting factors at which there is no degradation of ecological systems.

Ingredients of the contamination are thousands of compounds, especially metals or their oxides, toxic|toxiferous| substances, aerosols|sogasoid|. According to the data of World Health Organization about 500 thousand compounds are used in practice. About 40 thousand compounds |compound| have harmful properties for living organisms|virtue|, and|but| 12 thousand compounds are toxic|toxiferous|.

According to|according to| the definition accepted by the UNO the c|U.N.|ontamination is shown in exogenous (having an external origin) chemical|chinagraph| substances which are in the improper place|seat|, at the improper time and in the improper amount|quantity|.

The contamination of the environment is subdivided into:

Natural contamination, caused|call| by some natural|real-life| phenomena|phenomen|, usually catastrophic (floods, eruptions|ejecta| of volcanoes|puy|, torrents (mudstone streams) |throughflow| etc.);

Anthropogenic contamination, arising up as a result of man’s activity.

According to the mechanism of influence there are the following|downstream| types of contamination among anthropogenic contaminating factors:

Biological|life-form|;

Microbiological;

Mechanical|power-operated|;

Chemical|chinagraph|;

Physical|physics| (thermal, light|photic|, noise, electromagnetic|moving-iron|, radio-active).

According to the terms of formation all the contaminents are divided into admixtures of natural and artificial (anthropogenic) origin. The contaminents of natural origin arrive into the environment as the result of volcanic activity, weathering of soil and mountain rocks, forest fires, dying out of plants, combustions of meteorites.

The admixtures of anthropogenic origin appear, first, in the process of incineration of fossil fuel in heating systems, and at incineration of industrial and domestic waste, nuclear explosions etc.

Many contaminating factors possess mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effect. Mutagens are factors or substances which cause mutations (stable inherited changes). Carcinogens are factors or substances, which promote the origin or development of malignant tumors, and also of new benign formations. Often carcinogens also attribute to the mutagenes. Teratogens are factors or substances which when affecting paternal organisms cause deformities of posterity.

There are two groups of factors, determining the appearance |occurring|of harmful substances in the organism of man: 1) exogenous, i.e. external; and 2) endogenous, i.e. conditioned by internal|inlying| formation of harmful substances in an organism.

The quantitative characteristic of the contaminent is maximum possible concentration (MPC). MPCis a maximal amount of the given substance or factor in water, air, soil, food stuff etc., which does not yet render harmful influence on man and the environment. This size depends on the nature of the contaminent and the environment which it is in.

There are two types of maximum possible concentration: a|but|) MPC, which is maximally|Max| valid for one occasion and b) average daily MPC.

The result|total| of the analysis of the situation, which has established on the Earth|ground-to-air| by the end of the XX ^th century, is discouraging. Air|aerial| and water|aquatic| environment|Wednesday| are especially contaminated. Even the state|fortune| of near space|cosmos| now began to cause|call| a serious concern.

The original source and primary cause of the intensive development of the global|worldwide| ecological crisis, in the opinion of international experts, is the population explosion, the intensive increase of the planet population, which is accompanied by the increase of rates|tempo| and volumes|CU| of the elimination|nuke| of natural resources, the accumulation|upbuilding| of enormous amount|quantity| of industrial and domestic|nonpro| waste, the environment contamination|Wednesday|, the global|worldwide| climate changes|variating| etc.

Practically all the branches of industry and agriculture and types of activity of man result in the environment contamination. The basic|main| sources|spring| of the environment contamination are|appear| the following|downstream| objects:

1) Enterprises of fuel and energy complex (large|major| power plants), ejecting carbon and carbonate monoxide in the atmosphere, sulphurous|sulphide| anhydride, oxides of nitrogen etc.

2) Enterprises of metallurgical, chemical|chinagraph| and petrochemical branches|branch| of industry, which do not effectively enough use|use| the methods of waste-free (non-polluting) technologies|technicology| and cleaning of emissions. The emissions of the coloured|pigmented| metallurgy are especially dangerous.

3) Transports, which work on the liquid and gaseous fuel|combustible| and throw out the toxic|toxiferous| products of burning, compounds|compound| of lead etc.

4) Chemical|chinagraph| facilities of fight against vermin and illnesses applied in agriculture|infestant| (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane, DDT).

5) The use|utillizing| of chemical|chinagraph| products|production| with different|diverse| aims (paints, solvents, varnishes|polish|, dye stuffs|collorant|, building materials, washings facilities, |collorantdomestic|nonpro| chemistry preparations).

6) Natural (not anthropogenic) sources|spring| of toxic|toxical| products and allergens (pollen, poisonous substances of vegetable and animal origin and other products of natural processes,|Carbro| which are listed above).

The influence of some branches|branch| of industry and national economy on the natural environment: Mining industry. Chemical, petrochemical and oil-processing industry. Black metallurgical industry. Colored metallurgical industry. Fuel and energy complex. Agriculture. Housing and communal services economy. Transport-travelling complex. Motor transport. Water transport. Air transport. Railway transport.

Дата добавления: 2014-01-11