Indicates the feature of comparison (semantically more definite)

Aims at finding some points of resemblance by keeping the objects apart

I looked at the First of the Barons. He was eating salad - taking a whole lettuce leaf on his fork and absorbing it slowly, rabbit-wise - a fascinating process to watch.

Transfer of meaning based on the difference of two meanings

Irony ( concealed mockery) - words acquire meanings opposite to their primary language meanings

The house itself was not so much. It was smaller than Buckingham Palace, rather grey for California, and probably had fewer windows then the Chrysler Building. (R. Chandler)

Shades of ironic meaning

WIT IRONY SATIRE CYNICISM SARCASM SARDONICISM

Irony foregrounds not the logical, but the evaluative meaning

(K. Mansfield)

II. Figures of co-occurrence / combination (SD)

1. Combination of identical meanings

Simile - an expressive comparison of two objects which have common features

The ugly one, Laverne, wasn't too bad a dancer, but the other one, old Marty, was like dragging the Statue of Liberty around the floor. (J. Salinger)

the tenor - topic

the vehicle – the object of nomination

the foundation - the feature of similarity between two objects

Structural means of comparison

1. conjunctions: as / like/ as if / seem

2. adverbial clauses of comparison: He looked at Sibil as a mouse might look at a cat.

3. adjectives in the comparative degree: Roy behaved worse than a cut-throat.

4. adverbial word-combinations containing prepositional attributes: With the quickness of a cat, Samuel climbed up the tree.

implied simile - no formal markers

He reminded James of a hungry cat.

Types

I. Semantically

a/ trite

as vain as a peacock;

as cool as a cucumber

b/ genuine

His praises went tramping over like a heard of elephants. (A.Huxley)

II. Structurally

a/ simple

The sound of a faraway train was like a big beast shuffling in its sleep. (R.Chandler)

b/ extended

The village was a few dozen houses which seemed to hang by their teeth and eyebrows to a spur of mountain and which looked as if a good sneeze would drop them down on the beech. (R.Chandler)

simile vs. logical comparison

logical comparison

notions belonging to the same class / sphere: The boy is as clever as his dad.

simile

notions belonging to different classes (heterogeneous classes of objects)

… the handrail was as cold and wet as a toad’s belly. (R. Chandler)

Simile vs. Metaphor

Simile

1. formal markers - as, as... as, like, as though, as if

She sings like a nightingale.

You couldn’t stop him. He was hot as a fire-cracker.

Metaphor

1. no formal markers / connectives

2. aims at identifying the objects: She is a lonely bird in the sky.

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