Pun based on polysemy and homonymy

The quickest way to break a bad habit is to drop it.

Хотів розвалитися у кріслі, а воно не витримало і розвалилося

I only got a headache in my feet, and corns on my brain. (J. Cary)

2. Pun based on similarity of pronunciation

- What kept you out of class yesterday - acute indigestion?

- No, a cute engineer.

is used to achieve a humorous effect

Zeugma (to join/to combine) - a simultaneous realisation of two meanings of a polysemantic unit.

Everything was short including tobacco and people’s tempers. (E. Hemingway)

identical structurally, but different semantically

He possessed two false teeth and a kind heart.

It was my elder brother - her darling - who was to inherit her resoluteness, her stubbornness, her table silver and some of her eccentricities. (J. Cheever)

Wilcher was a rich lawyer, with a face like a bad orange. Yellow and blue. A little grasshopper of a man. Always on the jump. Inside and out. In his fifties. The hopping fifties. And fierce as a mad mouse. All eaten up with lawfulness and rage; ready to bite himself for being respectable. (J. Cary)

STYLISTIC SYNTAX

1. The expressive value of syntax

No correlation between the length and the expressiveness of a sentence

The horror! The flight! The exposure! The police! (Th. Dreiser)

Expressiveness and syntax

K.A.Dolinin:

Syntax, as contrasted to Lexis, is incapable of conveying emotions as such, but it immediately reacts to their presence or absence

E.A.Trofimova:

Expressiveness in syntax is the structural reaction of syntax to the presence or absence of emotions

E.g.: He rushed in. – In he rushed.

Scrooge went to bed and thought it over.

Scrooge went to bed again, and thought, and thought, and thought it over and over and over. (Ch. Dickens)

I. Galperin:

- the structural elements have their own independent meaning and this meaning may affect the lexical meaning

- it may impart a special contextual meaning to some of the lexical units

Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow,

Creeps in this petty pace from day to day. (W. Shakespeare)

Tomorrow this petty pace creeps in from day to day

the sentence structure is changeable

the sentence

- can be shortened or extended;

- can be complete or incomplete;

- can be simple, compound, or complex;

- its word order may be variable;

- its communicative type is variable (assertion, negation, interrogation, exhortation)

Basic model of the sentence S – P - O - (Adv) =

= stylistically neutral (unmarked)

Stylistic connotations appear due to:

1. transformed models of the sentence:

- reduced

- expanded

- permuted/violated

A. Morokhovsky - syntactical EM

Yu. Skrebnev - paradigmatic syntax

2. intersentential (linear) relations = relations between several sentences or structures (syntagmatic relations)

A. Morokhovsky - syntactical SD
Yu. Skrebnev - syntagmatic syntax

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