Belles-lettres style

Negative

Neutral

Positive

The body

The preamble

Style of official documents

aim

- to reach an agreement between two parties

- to avoid any opportunity for misinterpretation

substyles = the language of:

- legal documents

- diplomatic/ military documents

- business correspondence

E. Partridge “Business English, in short, is extremely unbusinesslike”.

Language of law and legislation

Composition: highly technical, formalised, exact

Vocabulary:

– deliberate choice of vocabulary ( legalese )

- archaic words (hereto, thereof, whereas)

- formal words and collocation (expiration, duly, terms and conditions )

-borrowings (French, Latin): assurance, contract, basis, declaration

Grammar:

- nominal groups

- deliberate choice of grammar forms (extended sentences, affirmative)

EM and SD

Restricted use of emotive colouring, expressive phraseology and other SD and EM

The language of diplomatic documents (instruments)

= legal documents governed by international law

Composition: a fixed structure:

the final clauses

Vocabulary (impersonal):

- special terms: article, party, protocol

- borrowings (French, Latin): persona non grata, modus vivendi

- neutral, bookish words

Grammar: extended sentences, participial constructions, homogeneous members, shall with the 3rd person singular

EM and SD

Restricted use of EM and SD

The language of business correspondence

= official and business letters

Types of official letters:

Letter of appreciation / Thank-you Letter Лист-подяка

Letter of congratulation Лист-привітання

Letter of recommendation

Letter of introduction

Reply to request for references

(favourable information)

Letter of offer Лист-пропозиція

Letter of inquiry Лист-запит

letter of confirmation Лист-підтвердження

Letter of claim Лист –рекламація

Letter of rejection Лист-відмова

Letter of reminder Лист-нагадування / Лист попередження

Letter of condolence Лист-співчуття

Reply to request for references (unfavourable information

Composition: a fixed tradition structure:

1. the heading

2. the date

3. inside address

4. the salutation

5. the subject heading - Re (in reference to) letter of credit No 12/14 лист подяки

6. the opening paragraph

7. the body of the letter

8. the closing paragraph

9. the complimentary phrase

10. the signature

Vocabulary

- highly formal prepositions (per se, subject to)

- technical terms

- abbreviations

- cliches (business English)

Grammar

- various forms of modality

EM and SD

Restricted use EM and SD

aims

- cognitive (to gradually unfold the message of the literary text to the reader )

- aesthetic (to help the reader to gain an aesthetic satisfaction)

Substyles = the language of:

- poetry/verse

- emotive prose

- drama

- free model of text building

- dual nature: verbal and aesthetic

- the concept (idea) is not always explicitly formulated

- the role of sub-textual/implicit layer of information

- is fictional: the objective world of the literary text does not exist

- the image of the author - the key constituting feature of the text

- the author’s point of view

- is based on the system of images

- an extensive use of EM and SD

- plurality of interpretations

Дата добавления: 2014-01-11