Traditional and Non-traditional Sources of Energy

Модальные глаголы в перфектном инфинитиве

1. Составьте возможные предложения и переведитеих:

1) He	must	know your sister
	may	be busy
	can’t	be ill

2) He	must	be	sleeping
	may		working hard
	might		watching TV
	can’t		having dinner

3) He	must	have	lost your book
	may		missed the train
	might		bought a car
	can’t		left the country

2. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. He must have sold his piano.

2. He may have sold his piano.

3. He can’t have sold his piano.

4. He should have sold his piano.

5. He shouldn’t have sold his piano.

6. He needn’t have sold his piano.

7. He might have sold his piano.

8. He had to sell his piano.

9. He was to sell his piano.

10. He will be able to sell his piano.

3. Переведите следующие предложения и задайте специальные вопросы.

1. You might have discussed it together.

2. He must have sent them a telegramme.

3. I telephoned the doctor, but there was no reply. He must have gone out.

4. Could he have learnt Chinese in a month‘s time?

5. Somebody phoned at lunch time but I couldn‘t catch the name. It may have been my brother. He sometimes rings me up then.

6. She was feeling unwell yesterday; she shouldn‘t have gone to the Institute.

7. You can‘t remember what he said; you should have listened more carefully.

8. She went out and got caught in the rain; she should have taken an umbrella with her.

9. You should have told him at once.

10. You needn‘t have taken a bus. You could have gone by taxi.

In our modern industrial society we consume¹ vast amounts of energy to make our daily life more comfortable. All of us use energy every day - for heat² and light, cooking, transportation, manufacturing, and entertainment.

Energy comes from several different sources³. These sources can be split into two main categories: non-renewable⁴ and renewable. Non-renewable types of energy include the three major types of fossil⁵ fuels – coal, oil and natural gas. Fossil fuels supply⁶ more than 90% of the world's energy. Oil leads with a share of about 40 percent of total world energy consumption⁷, followed by coal (24 percent) and natural gas (22 percent). All of these are burned to produce power.

Fossil fuels are relatively easy to use for generating energy because they only require⁸ a simple direct combustion. However, a problem with fossil fuels is their environmental impact⁹. Their excavation from the ground significantly change the environment, and their combustion leads to air pollution. Carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning fossil fuels is the largest source of greenhouse¹⁰ gases from human activities. Extra greenhouse gases are causing global warming and climate change. Besides, these are fuels that are being consumed more rapidly¹¹ than they are being replaced. That means that someday these fuels will come to an end.

Another non-renewable source is uranium. Uranium is an element that gives us nuclear¹² energy by splitting an atom's nucleus, and this process is called fission. Nuclear energy is a better source of energy because it doesn't put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. But like all industrial processes, nuclear power generation has by-product wastes¹³: radioactive products. Dangerous wastes and the possibility of a nuclear disaster are the main problems for nuclear power.

Because of growing environmental problems (air pollution, global climate change, massive flooding in river systems, etc.) and increasing¹⁴ price of non-renewable energy sources, we have to take a closer look at the alternative energy sources. Alternatives to the fossil fuels and nuclear power are renewable sources of energy and they are considerably¹⁵ more attractive in many ways. Renewable sources usually do not pollute our environment when used to generate electricity. The five renewable sources used most often include hydropower (water), solar, wind, biomass, and geothermal. Alternative energy sources are thought to be "free" energy sources. They all have lower carbon emissions, compared to conventional energy sources. Combined with the use of recycling, the use of clean alternative energies such as the home use of solar power systems will help ensure man's survival¹⁶ into the 21st century.

Various renewable resources of energy and their uses are enlisted as follows:

Solar energy. Solar panels are installed over the building. It helps in trapping¹⁷ the solar energy. It can be used for generating electricity, heating, lighting and even cooking.

Wind energy. It can be used for generating power. Wind turbines are run by wind energy. The greater the speed of wind, the greater is the output of power.

Biomass and biogas. Bio fuels are generated from plants. When the sugar components of plants are fermented, bio ethanol is made. It can be used as a fuel for vehicles¹⁸.

Hydropower. Water is 800 times denser than air. This energy can be put to use in creating hydroelectric dams. The kinetic energy from oceans and rivers due the flow of current is also used to produce electricity.

Geothermal energy. The heat generated from below the surface of the earth at some places is exploited to generate electricity. Iceland actively uses this technology and nearly 86% of homes are lighted with this source of energy.

Advantages¹⁹ of Renewable Resources of Energy:

* The reserves cannot deplete²⁰.

* Renewable resources do not pollute the environment.

* They do not emit harmful gases into the environment.

* Costs involved are less, as the source of energy is natural.

In spite of its uses, there are certain disadvantages²¹:

* Since sources are natural, renewable energies are largely dependent upon them. For example, solar energy is restricted²² to daytime and cannot be used on rainy or cloudy days.

* Sometimes the operational costs are high as in the case of geothermal energy.

* Hydroelectric energy is responsible for release²³ of methane which is harmful to the flora and fauna of the rivers.

Notes:

1. to consume – потреблять

2. heat – тепло

3. source – источник

4. renewable – возобновимый

5. fossil – полезные ископаемые

6. to supply – поставлять

7. consumption – потребление

8. to require – требовать (-ся)

9. environmental impact – влияние на окружающую среду

10. greenhouse – парниковый эффект

11. rapidly – быстро

12. nuclear – ядерный

13. by-product wastes – побочные продукты (отходы)

14. to increase – увеличивать(-ся)

15. considerably – значительно

16. survival – выживание

17. to trap – улавливать

18. vehicle – транспортное средство

19. advantage – преимущество

20. to deplete – истощаться

21. disadvantage – недостаток

22. restricted – ограничено

23. release – высвобождение

Дата добавления: 2014-11-06