USE 1 Completed action before something in the past

FORM

PAST PERFECT

[had + past participle]

Examples:

· You had studied English before you moved to New York.

In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb

· Had you studied English before you moved to New York?

· You had not studied English before you moved to New York.

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

Examples:

• I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
• I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
• Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
• Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
• She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
• Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.
• We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.
• A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?
• B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.

NOTE: the difference between the Past Simple and Past Perfect

When I got to the party, Tom went home vs. When I got to the party Tom had gone (after I arrived, Tom left) (before I arrived Tom left) home.

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