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The basic kinds of economic systems




The basic types of economic systems are traditional, command and market.

Traditional system is the system in which people do things the way they have always done them. They rely on the same tools and methods used by their parents. There is little or no change in such systems because most people methods are based on habit, custom and religious belief. Individuals are not free to make decisions according to what they want to have. Traditional system is not as widely spread as it was before. Though it is still a major force in some areas on the west coast of Canada, in Latin America, Africa and Middle East.

In a command system, the basic economic decision of what and how to produce and distribute is made by a central authority. The members of the society in the system obey. The central authority consists of one person or a small group who control factories, equipment and land. This system is still powerful in China and Cuba and recently our country and the countries of Eastern Europe operated under strong command system.

In a market system, the basic economic decision is based on the actions of people and business firms participating in many different markets. A market system produce goods and services that people are willing to buy and that can bring a profit to the sellers. The interaction of consumers and producers makes the system work. US, Canada and Japan are the best examples of this type of economic system.

The fact is that none of today's economic system is based totally on one of three principles just described. Modern economics have some element of all three influences in them. However one of the principles is usually stronger than the others and defines the whole system.

A society's standard of living is one way to evaluate an economic system. The standard of living is a measure of how well the people live. It depends on the amount and kind of goods and services the people of a country enjoy, or their income.

b) Используйте данные слова и выражения для заполнения таблицы 1.

to have one's own role in the society; to be stable / unstable; to discourage new ideas and ways of doing things; to accept new methods and products; to make / not to make dramatic change in a short time; to provide / not to provide each person with a job, medical and social services; to meet / not to meet consumers’ needs; to encourage / not to encourage to work hard; to adjust / not to adjust to changes of consumers' wants and needs; to be / not to be safe socially and psychologically; to be / not to be subjected to crises and depression.

Таблица 1

Economic system Advantages Disadvantages
Traditional to be stable, … to discourage new ideas and ways of doing things, …..
Command    
Market    

Задание 11. Ответьте на вопросы.

Why are there no (or little) changes in system with traditional economy?

Where is a traditional economic system a major force?

What is the function of central authority in command system?

What system operated in recent years in the USSR ant countries of Eastern Europe?

What makes a market system work?

 

Задание 12. Ознакомьтесь с информацией и выполните задание.

Economics, as a social science, studies the production, distribution, and consumption of commodities.

The word "economics" is from the Greek words οἶκος [oikos], meaning "family, household, estate," and νόμος [nomos], or "custom, law," and hence literally means "household management" or "management of the state."

An economist is a person using economic concepts and data in the course of employment, or someone who has earned a university degree in the subject

 

1. I am a student of (economy, economics) now.

2. At school I didn’t study the (economy, economics) of Great Britain.

3. I hope he’ll make a good (economist, economy).

4. There are many (economic, economical) problems in the world.

5. This car is very (economic, economical).

6. I try to spend money and time (economical, economically).

7. This car (economize, economizes) fuel.

 

– GRAMMAR

Внимание!

Перед выполнением заданий 13, 14, 15 изучите раздел грамматики на стр.121-128 пособия.

Задание 13.

a) В следующих предложениях замените придаточные дополнительные герундием с предлогом of.

Образец: She thought she would go to the country for the week-end.

She thought of going to the country for the week-end

1. I thought I would come and see you tomorrow. 2. I am thinking that I shall go out to the country tomorrow to see my mother. 3. What do you think you will do tomorrow? 4. I don't know now; I thought I would go to the zoo, but the weather is so bad that probably I shan't go. 5. I hear there are some English books at our institute book-stall now. - So you are thinking that you will buy some, aren't you? 6. I thought I would work in the library this evening, but as you have come, I won't go to the library.

b) В следующих предложениях замените придаточные времени герундием с предлогом after.

Образец: When she had bought everything she needed, she went home. After buying everything she needed, she went home

1. After I had hesitated some minutes whether to buy the hat or not, I finally decided that I might find one I liked better in another shop. 2. When she had graduated from the university, she left Tomsk and went to teach in her home town. 3. When he had proved that his theory was correct, he started studying ways and means of improving the conditions of work in very deep coalmines. 4. After she took the child to the kindergarten, she went to the library to study for her examination. 5. When he had made a thorough study of the subject, he found that it was a great deal more important than he had thought at first.

Задание 14. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму инфинитива.

1. We expect (to be) back in two days. 2. He expected (to help) by the teacher. 3. The children seem (to play) since morning. 4. I am glad (to do) all the homework yesterday. 5. She seems (to work) at this problem ever since she came here. 15 I am sorry (to break) your pen. 6. It seemed (to snow) heavily since early morning: the ground was cov­ered with a deep layer of snow. 7. They seemed (to quarrel): I could hear angry voices from behind the door. 8. Perhaps it would upset her (to tell) the truth of the matter. 9. They are supposed (to work) at the problem for the last two months. 10. The only sound (to hear) was the snoring of grandfather in the bedroom. 11. Her ring was believed (to lose) until she happened (to find) it during the general cleaning. It turned out (to drop) between the sofa and the wall. 12. They seemed (to wait) for ages.

 

Задание 15. Замените придаточное предложение на причастный оборот.

Образец: When he heard her voice he stopped writing. – Hearing her voice he stopped writing.

1. When she saw me, she asked my permission to ring me up. –

2. As she had forgotten my address, she rang up my friend to ask about it.

3. As I am often sent on a commission to the North, I have seen the wonderful northern lights. –

4. The houses, which were ruined during the war, have been repaired and are inhabited now. –

5. When I entered the forest, I suddenly saw a young hunter who was followed by a dog. –

6. My friend gave me no answer as if she were dreaming. –

7. As I felt that I was not right I confessed my fault. –

8. After he had waited some minutes for an answer he turned round and left the room.

9. The cold wind that was blowing fiercely drove the boat on and on. 10. The news, which was published there, interested us greatly. –

Задание 16. Напишине короткое сообщение о своей будущей професси по плану.

1. What is your future speciality?

2. Who helped you to choose your career?

3. Where do you study to obtain special knowledge?

4. What are your major subjects?

5. Do you have any practical skills in your future profession?

6. Where do you work (where are you going to work after graduation)?

7. What will be your responsibility and posotion after graduation?

.

Задание 17. Напишите аннотацию к тексту (не более 500) знаков




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