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Проект такого масштаба потребовал помощи, поддержки и терпения многих людей. За подготовку съемок мы хотели бы поблагодарить следующих людей: Фернандо Саличина за нахождение финансирования и его спокойную уверенность в трудные времена; Роба Уилсона и Тару Тремейн, игравших ключевую роль с самого начала и изучавших архивы по всему миру; Алекса Маркеса, до поздней ночи занимавшегося редакторской работой на протяжении четырех лет, и помогавших ему в разные периоды Эллиота Эйсмена, Алексиса Чавеса и Шона Стоуна. За подготовку звукового ряда мы хотели бы поблагодарить Крейга Армстронга, Адама Питерса, Бадда Карра и Сьюзи Гилберт. Также мы хотели бы выразить благодарность Стивену Пайнсу, достававшему деньги буквально из воздуха. Огромная благодарность каналу Showtime в лице двух его администраций: Дэвиду Невинсу за его проницательность, а также Брайану Лаурду, Джеффу Джейкобсу, Саймону Грину и Кевину Куперу.

За подготовку книги мы все в долгу перед коллегами Питера и аспирантами исторического факультета Американского университета. Макс Пол Фридман предоставил в наше распоряжение свои знания по истории американской внешней политики, досконально изучив рукопись и выразив несогласие с некоторыми нашими суждениями, а также уберег нас как от мелких, так и от серьезных ошибок. Из-за того, какую роль в нашей истории играли американо-советские и американо-российские отношения, мы хотим выразить огромную благодарность русскому историку Антону Федяшину, который всегда был готов ответить на наши вопросы и проверить русскоязычные источники на предмет того, правильно ли мы все поняли. Среди других коллег Питера, с готовностью отвечавших на наши вопросы, касавшиеся их областей исторической науки, были преподаватели Мустафа Аксакал, Ричард Брейтман, Фил Бреннер, Ира Кляйн, Аллан Лихтман, Эрик Лор и Анна Нельсон.

Неоценимую помощь оказали аспиранты университета Эрик Сингер и Бен Беннетт. Они потратили огромное количество времени, предназначенного для их собственных исследований, чтобы помочь нам в нашем. Эрик оказался несравненным мастером нахождения скрытой информации. Бен, помимо всего прочего, взял на себя задачу нахождения фотографий, придавших вес этой книге. В число других бывших и нынешних аспирантов, внесших большой вклад в этот проект, были Ребекка де Вольф, Синди Гуэли, Винсент Интонди, Мэтт Пемблтон, Теруми Рэфферти-Осаки, Джей Вейксельбаум. Дополнительная помощь в исследованиях, а также и полезные советы были даны Дэниэлом Чиприани, Нгуетом Нгуеном, Дэвидом Онкстом, Алленом Пьетробоном, Ари Серотой и Кейт Скиллин.

Множество друзей и коллег также оказали нам неоценимую помощь. Мы чрезвычайно благодарны Дэниелу Эллсбергу за его проницательность, идеи, критику и энтузиазм. Его знание многих событий не может быть переоценено. Среди других ученых, с готовностью тративших свое время для оказания нам экспертной помощи, дававших ответы на наши вопросы и предоставлявших необходимые документы, были Гар Альперовиц, Роберт Берковиц, Билл Берр, Кэролайн Эйзенберг, Хэм Фиш, Майкл Флинн, Ирена Грудзиньска Гросс, Хью Гастерсон, Анита Кондояниди, Билл Ланоуэтт, Милтон Лейтенберг, Роберт Джей Лифтон, Арджун Махиджани, Рей Макгаверн, Роджер Моррис, Сатоко Ока Норимацу, Роберт Норрис, Роберт Пэрри, Лео Рибуффо, Джонатан Шелл, Питер Дейл Скотт, Марк Селден, Марти Шервин, Чак Строзье, Жанин Уэдел и Лэрри Уиттнер.

Из-за того что этот проект занял долгое время, до его выхода в свет, к сожалению, не дожили четверо наших главных соратников – Говард Зинн, Боб Гриффит, Чарли Вейнер и Удай Мохан.

Дополнительную помощь с визуальным оформлением и фотографиями нам оказала Барбара Коппель. Эрик Хэмилтон предоставил нам ценную информацию по Чили. Мэтт Смит и Клемент Хо из библиотеки Американского университета оказали нам огромную помощь в нахождении источников, равно как и другую поддержку.

Издательство Gallery Books сделало все, что было в его силах, для того чтобы выполнить наши зачастую чрезмерные запросы, связанные со своевременным завершением обоих проектов. В особенном долгу мы находимся перед нашим редактором Джереми Руби-Строссом и его помощницей Хизер Хант. Также мы хотели бы поблагодарить Лоис Берк, Джен Бергстром, Джессику Чин, Эмили Драм, Элизу Ривлин, Эмилию Пизани, Трисию Бочковски, Салли Франклин, Джен Робинсон, Лэрри Пекарека и Давину Мок.

Дочь Питера Лекси и его жена Симки Кузник помогали нам с исследованиями и примечаниями. Помимо этого, Симки терпеливо работала над многочисленными черновиками рукописи с умением редактора и чувством поэта.

Примечания

Введение. Корни империи: «Война – это попросту рэкет»

1. Gardner Lloyd C., LaFeber Walter F., McCormick Thomas J. Creation of the American Empire. Vol. 1. U. S. Diplomatic History to 1901. – Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing, 1976. – P. 108.

2. McCoy Alfred W., Scarano Francisco A., Johnson Courtney. On the Tropic of Cancer: Transitions and Transformations in the U. S. Imperial State // Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State. – Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009. – P. 21.

3. Coetzee J. M. Waiting for the Barbarians. – L.: Secker & Warburg, 1980. – P. 133.

4. Dillon Sam. U. S. Students Remain Poor at History, Tests Show // New York Times. – 2011. – June 15.

5. President Woodrow Wilson speaking on the League of Nations to a luncheon audience in Portland, OR. 66th Cong., 1st sess. Senate Documents: Addresses of President Wilson (May-November 1919), vol. 11, no. 120, P. 206.

6. Barack Obama, News Conference, April 4, 2009, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=85959&st=american+exceptionalism&st1=axzz1RXk$VS7z.

7. Jonathan Martin and Ben Smith, “The New Battle: What It'. Means to Be American”, August 20, 2010, www.politico.com/news/stories/0810/41273.html.

8. Easton Nina J. Thunder on the Right // American Journalism Review. – 2001. – № 23. – P. 320.

9. Eakin Emily. Ideas and Trends: All Roads Lead to D.C. // New York Times. – 2002. – March 31.

10. Там же.

11. Appleman Williams W. Empire as a Way of Life: An Essay on the Causes and Character of America’s Present Predicament Along with a Few Thoughts About an Alternative. – NY: Oxford University Press, 1980. – P. 62.

12. Huntington Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. – NY: Simon & Schuster, 1996. – P. 51.

13. Boot Max. American Imperialism? No Need to Run Away from Label // USA Today. – 2003. – May 6.

14. Ferguson Niall. Colossus: The Price of America’s Empire. – NY: Penguin, 2004. – P. 14–15.

15. Kennedy Paul. The Eagle Has Landed // Financial Times. – 2002. – February 22.

16. Freedland Jonathan. Is America the New Rome? // Guardian. – 2002. – September 18.

17. “Joint Vision 2010”, www.dtic.mil/jv2010/jvpub.htm; General Howell M. Estes III, USAF, United States Space Command, “Vision for 2020” February 1997, www. fas.org/spp/military/docops/usspac/visbook.pdf; “Joint Vision 2020”, www.dtic. mil/jointvision/jvpub2.htm.

18. Cohen Benjamin J. The Question of Imperialism: The Political Economy of Dominance and Dependence. – NY: Basic Books, 1973. – P. 23.

19. Bacgchi Amiya Kumar. Perilous Passage: Mankind and the Global Ascendance of Capital. – Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. – P. 272.

20. Kennedy Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. – NY: Vintage Books, 1989. – P. 150.

21. Shoultz Lars. Beneath the United States: A History of U. S. Policy Toward Latin America. – Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. – P. 86.

22. Whitman Walt. Complete Poetry and Collected Prose. – NY: Viking, 1982. – P. 1074.

23. Bruce Robert V. 1877: Year of Violence. – Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1989. – P. 25–226.

24. Foner Philip Sheldon. The Great Labor Uprising of 1877. – NY: Monad Press, 1975. – P. 157.

25. Foner Philip Sheldon. History of the Labor Movement in the United States, vol. 2: From the Founding of the A.F. of L. to the Emergence of American Imperialism. – NY: International Publishers, 1975. – P. 50.

26. Klein Maury. The Life and Legend of Jay Gould. – Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. – P. 357.

27. Tarbell Ida Minerva. All in the Day’s Work: An Autobiography. – Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003. – P. 82.

28. Hicks John D. Populist Revolt: A History of the Farmers’ Alliance and the People’s Party. – Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1931. – P. 40, 440.

29. LaFeber Walter. The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898. – Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998. – P. 366.

30. Robert L. Beisner. Twelve Against Empire: The Anti-Imperialists 1898–1900. – NY: McGraw Hill, 1968. – P. XIV.

31. William Roscoe Thayer, ed. John Hay’s Years with Roosevelt // Harper’s Magazine 131 (1915), 578.

32. Stuntz Homer Clyde. The Philippines and the Far East. – Cincinnati: Jennings and Pye, 1904. – P. 144.

33. Cooke John Byrne. Reporting the War: Freedom of the Press from the American Revolution to the War on Terrorism. – NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. – P. 78.

34. Ratification of the Treaty Now Assured // Chicago Tribune. – 1899. – February 6.

35. Treaty Wins in the Senate by One Vote // Chicago Tribune. – 1899. – February 7.

36. Kinzer Stephen. Overthrow: America’s Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. – NY: Times Books, 2006. – P. 49.

37. Frisbie Hoar George. Autobiography of Seventy Years, vol. 2. – NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1905. – P. 304.

38. Gain for the Treaty // New York Times. – 1899. – February 6.

39. Kinzer Stephen. Overthrow: America’s Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. – NY: Times Books, 2006. – P. 52–53.

40. Bain David Howard. Sitting in Darkness: Americans in the Philippines. – NY: Houghton Mifflin, 1984. – P. 84.

41. Congressional Record, Senate, 56th Cong., 1st Sess., 1900, vol. 33, pt. 1, 704.

42. Jennings Bryan William. Speeches of William Jennings Bryan, vol. 2. – NY: Funk & Wagnalls, 1909. – P. 17, 24–26. Для того чтобы ознакомиться с отменно изложенной биографией Брайана, читайте книгу: Kazin Michael. A Godly Hero: The Life of William Jennings Bryan. – NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006.

43. Creighton Miller Stuart. Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. – New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982. – P. 211.

44. Moore Teller Henry. The Problem in the Philippines. – Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1902. – P. 52.

45. San Juan Epifanio. Crisis in the Philippines: The Making of a Revolution. – South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey, 1986. – P. 19.

46. По некоторым оценкам, число погибших филиппинцев превышало 600 тысяч. Об этом см.: Gates John M. War-Related Deaths in the Philippines, 1898–1902 // Pacific Historical Review. – 1984. – № 53. – P. 367–378.

47. Rauchway Eric. Murdering McKinley: The Making of Theodore Roosevelt’s America. – NY: Hill & Wang, 2003. – P. 102.

48. Hill Howard C. Roosevelt and the Caribbean. – Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1927. – P. 67.

49. Shoultz Lars. Beneath the United States: A History of U. S. Policy Toward Latin America. – Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. – P. 191.

50. Richard F. Grimmett, “Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798–2009”, January 27, 2010, Congressional Research Service, www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32170.pdf.

51. LaFeber Walter. Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America. – NY: W. W. Norton, 1993. – P. 42.

52. Там же. – P. 46.

53. Там же. – P. 50.

54. The Republic of Brown Bros. // Nation. – 1922. – № 114. – 667 p.

55. LaFeber Walter. Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America. – NY: W. W. Norton, 1993. – P. 69.

56. Zinn Howard, Arnove Anthony. Voices of a People’s History of the United States, 2nd. ed. – NY: Seven Stories Press, 2009. – P. 251–252.

Глава 1. Первая мировая война: Вильсон против Ленина

1. Appleman Williams William. The Tragedy of American Diplomacy. – NY: W. W. Norton, 1988. – P. 72.

2. Slotkin Richard. Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America. – NY: Harper-Perennial, 1992. – P. 240.

3. Hofstadter Richard. The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It. – NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949. – P. 237–241.

4. Gardner Lloyd C. Wilson and Revolutions: 1913–1921. – NY: J. B. Lippincott, 1976. – P. 12.

5. LaFeber Walter. The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad Since 1750. – NY: W. W. Norton, 1989. – P. 262; Gardner Lloyd C., LaFeber Walter F., McCormick Thomas J. Creation of the American Empire. Vol. 2: U. S. Diplomatic History Since 1893. – Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976. – P. 305.

6. Herring George C. From Colony to Superpower: U. S. Foreign Relations Since 1776. – NY: Oxford University Press, 2008. – P. 390.

7. Gardner Lloyd C., LaFeber Walter F., McCormick Thomas J. Creation of the American Empire. Vol. 2: U. S. Diplomatic History Since 1893. – Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976. – P. 306–307; LaFeber Walter. The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad Since 1750. – NY: W. W. Norton, 1989. – P. 278.

8. Appleman Williams William. The Tragedy of American Diplomacy. – NY: W. W. Norton, 1988. – P. 70.

9. Shoultz Lars. Beneath the United States: A History of U. S. Policy Toward Latin America. – Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. – P. 246.

10. Kristof Nicholas D. Our Broken Escalator // New York Times. – 2011. – July 17.

11. Zinn Howard. A People’s History of the United States. – NY: Harper Colophon, 1980. – P. 350.

12. Painter Nell Irvin: Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919. – NY: W. W. Norton, 1987. – P. 293.

13. Ginger Ray. The Bending Cross: A Biography of Eugene Victor Debs. – New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1949. – P. 328.

14. Herring George C. From Colony to Superpower: U. S. Foreign Relations Since 1776. – NY: Oxford University Press, 2008. – P. 399.

15. Olmsted Kathryn S. Real Enemies: Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy, World War I to 9/11. – NY: Oxford University Press, 2009. – P. 34.

16. Notes Linking Wilson to Morgan War Loans // Washington Post. – 1936. – January 8.

17. Herring George C. From Colony to Superpower: U. S. Foreign Relations Since 1776. – NY: Oxford University Press, 2008. – P. 403, 409–410.

18. Scene in the Senate as President Speaks // New York Times. – 1917. – January 23.

19. Amazement and Bewilderment Caused by Proposal of Wilson for Peace Pact for the World // Atlanta Constitution. – 1917. – January 23.

20. LaFeber Walter. The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad Since 1750. – NY: W. W. Norton, 1989. – P. 278; Jefferson Carter. Anatole France: The Politics of Skepticism. – New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965. – P. 195.

21. Knock Thomas J. To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order. – NY: Oxford University Press, 1992. – P. 118.

22. Там же. – P. 120.

23. Там же. – P. 121, 131.

24. Kennedy David M. Over Here: The First World War and American Society. – NY: Oxford University Press, 1992. – P. 184–185.

25. Kennedy David M. Over Here: The First World War and American Society. – NY: Oxford University Press, 1992. – P. 60–62.

26. Graebner William. The Engineering of Consent: Democracy and Authority in Twentieth-Century America. – Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987. – P. 42.

27. Clark Victor S. The German Press and the War // Historical Outlook. – 1919.—№ 10. – P. 427.

28. Shows German Aim to Control World // New York Times. – 1917. – December 10.

29. Halsey Ross Stewart. Propaganda for War: How the United States Was Conditioned to Fight the Great War of 1914–1918. – Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1996. – P. 241.

30. Documents Prove Lenin and Trotzky Hired by Germans // New York Times. – 1918. – September 15.

31. Halsey Ross Stewart. Propaganda for War: How the United States Was Conditioned to Fight the Great War of 1914–1918. – Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1996.– P. 241.

32. Creel Upholds Russian Exposure // New York Times. – 1918. – September 22.

33. Spurns Sisson Data // Washington Post. – 1918. – September 22.

34. Halsey Ross Stewart. Propaganda for War: How the United States Was Conditioned to Fight the Great War of 1914–1918. – Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1996.– P. 241–242.

35. The Sisson Documents // Nation, November 23, 1918. Цитируется по: Philip Sheldon Foner, The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Impact on American Radicals, Liberals, and Labor (New York: International Publishers, 1967), 137.

36. Kennan George F. The Sisson Documents // Journal of Modern History. – № 28.– 1956. – P. 130–154.

37. Angoff Charles. The Higher Learning Goes to War // The American Mercury. – № 2. – 1927. – P. 178.

38. Lasswell Harold D. Propaganda Technique in the World War. – NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1927. – P. 14–15.

39. Oust Traitors, Says Butler // New York Times. – 1917. – June 7.

40. Columbia Ousts Two Professors, Foes of War Plans // New York Times. – 1917. – October 2.

41. The Expulsions at Columbia // New York Times. – 1917. – October 3.

42. Quits Columbia; Assails Trustees // New York Times. – 1917. – October 9.

43. Ibid.

44. Peterson Horace Cornelius, Courtland Fite Gilbert. Opponents of War, 1917–1918.– Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1957. – P. 104–112.

45. Gruber Carol S. Mars and Minerva: World War I and the Uses of the Higher Learning in America. – Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1975. – P. 213–214.

46. War Directed College Course to be Intensive // Chicago Tribune. – 1918. – September 1.

47. Gruber Carol S. Mars and Minerva: World War I and the Uses of the Higher Learning in America. – Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1975. – P. 57–59.

48. Bankers Cheer Demand to Oust Senator La Follette; ‘Like Poison in Food of Army’ // Chicago Tribune. – 1917. – September 28.

49. Gruber Carol S. Mars and Minerva: World War I and the Uses of the Higher Learning in America. – Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1975. – P. 208.

50. Zinn Howard. A People’s History of the United States. – NY: Harper Colophon, 1980. – P. 356.

51. Painter Nell Irvin: Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919. – NY: W. W. Norton, 1987. – P. 335; Kennedy David M. Over Here: The First World War and American Society. – NY: Oxford University Press, 1992. – P. 76.

52. “Sedition Act of 1918”, www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/capitalism/sourcesdocument1.html.

53. Salvatore Nick. Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist. – Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982. – P. 292.

54. Zinn Howard. A People’s History of the United States. – NY: Harper Colophon, 1980. – P. 358.

55. Там же. – P. 358–359.

56. Там же. – P. 359.

57. The I. W.W. // New York Times. – 1917. – August 4.

58. Kennedy David M. Over Here: The First World War and American Society. – NY: Oxford University Press, 1992. – P. 133; Axelrod Alan. Selling the Great War: The Making of American Propaganda. NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. – P. 181–182.

59. Painter Nell Irvin: Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919. – NY: W. W. Norton, 1987. – P. 335.

60. Stamping Out Treason // Washington Post. – 1918. – April 12.

61. Zinn Howard. A People’s History of the United States. – NY: Harper Colophon, 1980. – P. 355–356.

62. Painter Nell Irvin: Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919. – NY: W. W. Norton, 1987. – P. 336.

63. D’Emilio John, Freedman Estelle B. Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America. – Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. – P. 212–213.

64. Meil Hobson Barbara. Uneasy Virtue: The Politics of Prostitution and the American Reform Tradition. – C: University of Chicago Press, 1990. – P. 169, 176–177; Connelly Mark Thomas. The Response to Prostitution in the Progressive Era. – Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980. – P. 143–145.

65. Brandt Allan M. No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States Since 1880. – NY: Oxford University Press, 1987. – P. 59–60, 101; Connelly Mark Thomas. The Response to Prostitution in the Progressive Era. – Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980. – P. 140; Kennedy David M. Over Here: The First World War and American Society. – NY: Oxford University Press, 1992. – P. 186.

66. Brandt Allan M. No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States Since 1880. – NY: Oxford University Press, 1987. – P. 101–106; Kennedy David M. Over Here: The First World War and American Society. – NY: Oxford University Press, 1992. – P. 186–187.

67. Brandt Allan M. No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States Since 1880. – NY: Oxford University Press, 1987. – P. 116–119.

68. Randolph Bourne. Unfinished Fragment on the State // Untimely Papers / Ed. J. Oppenheim. – New York: B. W. Huebsch, 1919. – P. 145.

69. Tucker Jonathan B. War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Oaeda. – NY: Pantheon Books, 2006. – P. 10.

70. Miles Wyndham D. The Idea of Chemical Warfare in Modern Times // Journal of the History of Ideas. – № 31. – 1970. – P. 300–303.

71. “Declaration (IV, 2) Concerning Asphyxiating Gases”, Document 3. В кн.: Adam Roberts and Richard Guelff, ed. Documents on the Laws of War, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 60.

72. Crazed by Gas Bombs // Washington Post. – 1915. – April 26.

73. New and Peculiar Military Cruelties Which Arise to Characterize Every War // Washington Post. – 1915. – May 30.

74. Topics of the Times // New York Times. – 1915. – May 8.

75. Hershberg James. James B. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and the Making of the Nuclear Age. – NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993. – P. 44.

76. David Jerome Rhees, The Chemists’ Crusade: The Rise of an Industrial Science in Modern America, 1907–1922, PhD Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1987, 169; Hershberg James. Op. cit. – P. 45–49.

77. Hershberg James. Op. cit. – P. 42.

78. Tyner James A. Military Legacies: A World Made by War. – NY: Routledge, 2010. – P. 98–99.

79. Millikan Robert A. The New Opportunities in Science // Science. – № 50. – 1919. – P. 292.

80. Moreno John D. Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans. – NY: Routledge, 2001. – P. 38–39; Andy Sagar, ‘Secret, Deadly Research’: Camp AU Scene of World War Training Trenches, Drill Field // Eagle, American University, January 15,1965.

81. Sagar, ‘Secret, Deadly Research’.

82. Moreno John D. Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans. – NY: Routledge, 2001. – P. 38–39; Sagar, ‘Secret, Deadly Research’.

83. Martin K. Gordon, Barry R. Sude, Ruth Ann Overbeck, and Charles Hendricks, “A Brief History of the American University Experiment Station and U. S. Navy Bomb Disposal School, American University”, Office of History, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, June 1994, 12.

84. Hershberg James. James B. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and the Making of the Nuclear Age. – NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993. – P. 46–47.

85. Barry Richard. America’s Most Terrible Weapon: The Greatest Poison Gas Plant in the World Ready for Action When the War Ended // Current History. – № 125. – 1919. – P. 127.

86. Harris Robert, Paxman Jeremy. A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret History of Chemical and Biological Warfare. – NY: Random House, 2002. – P. 35.

87. Barry Richard. America’s Most Terrible Weapon: The Greatest Poison Gas Plant in the World Ready for Action When the War Ended // Current History. – № 125. – 1919. – P. 127–128.

88. Jenkins Dominick. The Final Frontier: America, Science, and Terror. – L.: Verso, 2002. – P. 38.

89. Tucker Jonathan B. War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda. – NY: Pantheon Books, 2006. – P. 19–20.

90. Barry Richard. America’s Most Terrible Weapon: The Greatest Poison Gas Plant in the World Ready for Action When the War Ended // Current History. – № 125. – 1919. – P. 128.

91. Tanaka Yuki. British ‘Humane Bombing’ in Iraq During the Interwar Era // Bombing Civilians: A Twentieth-Century History / Ed. Yuki Tanaka and Marilyn B. Young. – NY: New Press, 2009. – P. 8, 11.

92. Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social and Military History / Ed. Spencer Tucker. – Santa Barbara, CA: ABC–CLIO, 2005. – P. 57.

93. Tanaka Yuki. British ‘Humane Bombing’ in Iraq. – P. 13–29.

94. Jenkins Dominick. The Final Frontier: America, Science, and Terror. – L.: Verso, 2002. – P. 2–3.

95. Jenkins Dominick. The Final Frontier: America, Science, and Terror. – L.: Verso, 2002. – P. 2–3.

96. Irwin Will. “The Next War”: An Appeal to Common Sense. – NY: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1921. – P. 37–38.

97. The Chemical Industry Show // New York Times. – 1917. – September 26.

98. Jones Daniel P. American Chemists and the Geneva Protocol // Isis. – 1980. – № 3. – P. 432, 438.

99. Jones Daniel P. American Chemists and the Geneva Protocol // Isis. – № 3. – 1980. – P. 432, 438; Tucker Jonathan B. War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda. – NY: Pantheon Books, 2006. – P. 21–22.

100. Tucker Jonathan B. War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda. – NY: Pantheon Books, 2006. – P. 20.

101. Gardner Lloyd C., LaFeber Walter F., McCormick Thomas J. Creation of the American Empire. Vol. 2: U. S. Diplomatic History Since 1893. – Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976. – P. 336.

102. President Wilson’s Message to Congress on War Aims // Washington Post. – 1918. – January 9.

103. Gardner Lloyd C., LaFeber Walter F., McCormick Thomas J. Creation of the American Empire. Vol. 2: U. S. Diplomatic History Since 1893. – Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976. – P. 343.

104. Gardner Lloyd C., LaFeber Walter F., McCormick Thomas J. Creation of the American Empire. Vol. 2: U. S. Diplomatic History Since 1893. – Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976. – P. 343; Herring George C. From Colony to Superpower: U. S. Foreign Relations Since 1776. – NY: Oxford University Press, 2008. – P. 423.

105. Johnson Robert David, The Peace Progressives and American Foreign Relations. – Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995. – P. 82–83.

106. Our Men in Russia at Foch’s Demand // New York Times. – 1919. – January 10.

107. Johnson Robert David, The Peace Progressives and American Foreign Relations. – Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995. – P. 84, 320. (Table A.1, “Votes on Anti-imperialist Issues”, Section J).

108. Wells H. G. The Shape of Things to Come. – NY: Macmillan, 1933. – P. 82.

109. Kagan Donald. On the Origins of War: And the Preservation of Peace. – NY: Doubleday, 1995. – P. 285.

110. LaFeber Walter. The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad Since 1750. – NY: W. W. Norton, 1989. – P. 297.

111. Ibid. – P. 299.

112. Ibid.

113. Wilson Woodrow. Essential Writings and Speeches of the Scholar-President/ Ed. Mario DiNunzio. – NY: New York University Press, 2006. – P. 36.

114. Boller Paul F., Jr., Presidential Anecdotes. – NY: Oxford University Press, 1981. – P. 220.

115. Gardner Lloyd C., LaFeber Walter F., McCormick Thomas J. Creation of the American Empire. Vol. 2: U. S. Diplomatic History Since 1893. – Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976. – P. 340–341.

116. Herring George C. From Colony to Superpower: U. S. Foreign Relations Since 1776. – NY: Oxford University Press, 2008. – P. 418, 426.

117. Gardner Lloyd C., LaFeber Walter F., McCormick Thomas J. Creation of the American Empire. Vol. 2: U. S. Diplomatic History Since 1893. – Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976. – P. 341.

118. Knock Thomas J. To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order. – NY: Oxford University Press, 1992. – P. 223–224, 329, note 76.

119. Boller Paul F., Jr., Presidential Anecdotes. – NY: Oxford University Press, 1981. – P. 220–221.

120. Keynes John Maynard. The Economic Consequences of the Peace. – NY: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920. – P. 36–37, 268.

121. Gaddis John Lewis. Russia, The Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History. – New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978. – P. 77; Thompson John M. Russia, Bolshevism, and the Versailles Peace. – Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966. – P. 2; Herring George C. From Colony to Superpower: U. S. Foreign Relations Since 1776. – NY: Oxford University Press, 2008. – P. 422.

122. Gardner Lloyd C. Wilson and Revolutions: 1913–1921. – NY: J. B. Lippincott, 1976. – P. 341–342.

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