Read and learn the following words. Translate the examples

PRODUCTION OF METALS

LESSON 4

LEAD

SILVER

Read additional texts about metals and retell them in Russian.

Translate the following phrases in written.

Write down all new words and phrases in your notebooks. Learn these words and phrases for the next lesson.

Independent tasks

atomic energy; useful machines; the old friends; wide application; high strength; ancient Romans; the great scientist; bad ductility; the main characteristic; his Periodic table; the first scientific definition; its scientific significance; metallic luster; high electron conductivity; pure metal; physical properties; a high density; low melting point; a poor conductor; this good conductor; a basic oxide; these metallic oxides; the chemical properties; a non-metal; acidic oxide; the soluble oxide; a dilute acid; simple metals; the pure metal; old time; ferrous metals; a positive ion; the negative ion; a solid metal; the liquid metal; carbon steel; alloy steel; stainless steel; the alkali metals; the alkali earth metals; their industrial application; their chemical purity; modern industry; two main groups; their chemical composition; rare metals; precious metals; their melting point; a refractory metal; non-ferrous metals; poor corrosion resistance; hard metal; heavy metals; true metals; these light metals.

Silver, like gold, as you know is one of the precious metals. It was first used for ornament and later for coins (монеты). Silver is a white shining metal. It is harder than gold and will, in time, tarnish (тускнеть) and lose its lustre. The use of silver for making mirrors (зеркала) is very interesting. The first metal mirrors were made of polished bronze. Later on, a mixture (смесь) of lead, silver and copper was used. There were no glass mirrors in Roman times, though the Romans knew how to make glass (стекло), but they did not know how to apply silver or tin to glass. Polished metal mirrors of silver, bronze came into common use only in the sixteenth century.

Lead, probably, followed (сменить кого-либо, что-либо) silver as a useful metal. Sometimes it was mixed with bronze. The more common use of lead was for roofs, pipes, paints. After the invention of gunpowder (порох) lead served for several centuries for the bullets (пуля). We also use lead nowadays. It is used in making glass and especially paints.

metallurgy – металлургия

metallurgical – металлургический

e.g. Metallurgy is an industry which produces metals. Metallurgy separates impurity from the metals. It produces simple metals and alloys. The metallurgical industry produces 94 per cent ferrous metals.

ore – руда

iron ore – железная руда

copper оre – медная руда

e.g. Most metals are found in the form of metal ore. The ore is a mineral. There are different metal ores: iron ore, copper ore. Ore consists of a metal combined with some impurities.

science – наука

scientific – научный

to obtain – получать (= to get (got, got))

e.g. Metallurgy is the science which treats of the methods used to obtain the metals from ores.

to produce – производить, изготавливать, получать

production – производство

to melt (molted, melted/molten) – плавить

melting – плавление

melting process – процесс плавления

molten metal – расплавленный металл

melted compounds – расплавленные соединения

e.g. Metals are produced from their ores by melting process.

to separate – отделять

to remove – удалять, убирать

slag – шлак

e.g. In this process impurities are separated and removed as slag.

to reduce – раскислять (металл)

carbon – углерод

e.g. Iron is obtained by reducing its ores with carbon.

to use – использовать, применять

use – применение

useful – полезный

e.g. Different methods are used to produce pure metals from their ores. Metals have useful mechanical, physical and metallurgical properties.

furnace – плавильная печь

blast furnace – доменная печь

open-hearth furnace – мартеновская печь

electric furnace - электропечь

e.g. There are different types of furnaces at metallurgical plants. Cast irons are usually produced in blast furnaces.

cupola – вагранка

e.g. Cast iron is also produced in special furnaces which are called cupolas.

Bessemer converter – Бессемеровский конвертер

e.g. Steels are usually produced in Bessemer converters. The Bessemer process of steelmaking was a great event (событие) in the world's economic history.

inventor – изобретатель

to discover – открывать

e.g. Henry Bessemer, an English engineer, was the inventor who discovered a new process of making steel.

expensive (= dear) – дорогой, дорогостоящий

cheap – дешевый (= inexpensive)

e.g. Bessemer invented a cheap (= inexpensive) process of making steel.

chiefly (= mainly) – главным образом

high-grade tool steel – высококачественная инструментальная сталь

e.g. Electrical furnaces are only used in making high-grade tool steels.

compound – соединение

manganese – марганец

to conduct an electric current – проводить электрический ток

e.g. Manganese is obtained from its ore by electrolysis. The electrolysis is a process of conducting electric current through (через) melted compounds.

to occur in nature – встречаться в природе

e.g. Metals usually occur in nature in the form of different ores.

2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the translation of «in order to» (для того, чтобы).

a) In order to produce a metal from some metal ore, we must separate the impurities from the metal.

b) We must know the properties of a material in order to use it.

c) In order to form an alloy people combined some simple metal and other elements.

3. Translate into Russian the following verb phrases (modal verb + Infinitive).

а) we may divide all metals, we may classify all cast irons, chromium can cut glass, we must separate;

b) metals: саn be forged, can be drawn into wire, must be classified, may be grouped, may be divided into, can be moulded like wax, may be produced.

Слова с -ing окончанием в английском языке могут быть:

а) причастием настоящего времени (Participle I), которое может переводиться на русский язык «причастием настоящего времени» (читающий) или «деепричастием» (читая), например: Metals serve man helping (помогая) him to conquer nature. Metals possessing (обладающие) many useful properties.

б) герундием, который чаще всего, как и имя существительное, отвечает на вопрос «что?» и обозначает какой-нибудь процесс или занятие, переводится на русский язык именем существительным, например: mining (добыча руды), engineering (техника), melting (плавление), boiling (кипение), heating (нагрев), steelmaking (получение стали). Герундий может также употребляться в качестве определения перед существительным, например melting point – точка плавления. Признаком герундия также является любой предлог, стоящий перед словом с инговым окончанием, например: by reducing – путем (посредством) восстановления, process of making – процесс изготовления, in making – при изготовлении.

в) в некоторых случаях слова с инговым окончанием могут быть предлогами или союзами. Запомните, как переводятся на русский язык, следующие предлоги: owing to – благодаря; according to – согласно, по; during – в течение, во время.

г) иногда слова с инговым окончаниемявляются прилагательными, например: interesting – интересный.

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