Лексические упражнения. Грамматические упражнения

Грамматические упражнения

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

Текст B

USE OF PEDESTALS

There are many cases in which a short compression element, called a pedestal, is used as a transition between a footing and some supported element. Some of the purposes for pedestals are the following:

· If the bearing area on the top of the footing is widened, the pedestal will achieve a reduction in the shear and bending stresses in the footing, permitting the use of a thinner footing.

· To permit the use of a lower-strength concrete in the footing, it may be possible to use a pedestal with a strength that is transitional between the column and the footing.

· The use of a pedestal may allow the doweling of large column-reinforcing bars within the pedestal height. The pedestal reinforcing may then be done with bars.

· When the bottom of the footing must be some distance below the ground surface, a pedestal may be used in order to keep vulnerable elements above ground.

Pedestals of masonry or concrete are essentially short columns. When carrying major loads, they should be designed as reinforced columns with required vertical reinforcement, ties, and dowels. When loads are light and the pedestal height is less than three times the thickness, however, they may be designed as unreinforced elements. If built of hollow masonry units (concrete blocks, etc.) they should have the voids completely filled with concrete.

Notes:

bearing area опорная поверхность, опорная площадь

bending stress напряжение при изгибе

pedestal n. подколонник

reduction n. снижение, уменьшение, ослабление

transitional adj. переходный

1. What kind of element a pedestal is?

2. What is it used for?

3. What are the reasons for the use of pedestals?

4. How should pedestals be designed when carrying major loads?

5. How should they be designed when loads are light?

6. When should pedestals have the voids filled with concrete?

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте инфинитивы. Определите их функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте причастия I и II. Определите их функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

hollow (adj.), the following (n.), vulnerable (adj.), essentially (adv.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

equal - equally - equalize

follow - as follows - the following

Дата добавления: 2014-11-16