Causative

UNIT 16.

We use have + object + past participle to say that we arrange for someone to do something for us. He asked Sally to type the letters. He had the letters typed. (He didn’t do it himself – Sally did it.)

Present Simple	She makes dresses.	She has dresses made.
Present Continuous	She is making a dress.	She is having a dress made.
Past Simple	She made a dress.	She had a dress made.
Past Continuous	She was making a dress.	She was having a dress made.
Future Simple	She will make a dress.	She will have a dress made.
Future Continuous	She will be making a dress.	She will be having a dress made.
Present Perfect	She has made a dress.	She has had a dress made.
Present Perf. Cont.	She has been making dresses.	She has been having dresses made.
Past Perfect	She had made a dress.	She had had a dress made.
Past Perfect Cont.	She had been making dresses.	She had been having dresses made.
Infinitive	She can make dresses.	She can have dresses made.
-ing form	She likes making dresses.	She likes having dresses made.

The verb to have, used in the causative, forms its negations and questions with do/does (Present Simple) or did (Past Simple). He doesn’t have his shirts ironed. Did he have the brakes checked? Get is often used in the causative instead of have. Did you have/get your nails polished? The causative can be used instead of the passive to express accidents and misfortunes. He had his nose broken in a fight. (= His nose was broken in a fight.)

Exercise181. Write the sentences in the causative:

1. Their wedding reception was organized by caterers. 2. I’ll ask her to make the appointment for Friday. 3. He was mending the table for Sophie. 4. He took his boots to be re-heeled. 5. Has your leg been X-rayed? 6. I will tell James to cancel the meeting tomorrow. 7. Don’t ask them to post the letters. 8. I’ll get the men to move this for you by this evening. 9. The mechanic is repairing her car. 10. They renovated the Smiths’ house last year. 11. They are going to clean our swimming pool. 12. Where do they take their photographs to be developed? 13. He doesn’t mind the barber cutting his hair short. 14. You should ask someone to water your plants while you’re on holiday. 15. Will she get someone to deliver the computer? 16. She prefers sending her clothes to the dry-cleaner’s. 17. My father likes people taking his photograph. 18. Our cooker was being repaired when the lights went off. 19. Would you like someone to do the shopping for you? 20. The beautician polished the model’s nails.

Exercise182. Write sentences in the causative as in the example:

1. The doctor examined Paul’s ankle. What did Paul do? 2. Someone delivers her groceries once a week. What does she do? 3. A hairdresser has cut and styled Pamela’s hair. What has she done? 4. Someone will repair our leaking roof. What will we do? 5. Someone cut the lawn for them while they were away. What did they do? 6. Somebody had serviced their car before they went on holiday. What had they done? 7. A builder will do up Jan’s attic. What will Jan do? 8. Someone is designing some furniture for him. What is he doing? 9. A detective investigated the case for her. What did she do? 10. Someone has written the actor’s life story for him. What has he done? 11. Someone is organizing a birthday party for her. What is she doing? 12. The secretary had prepared the minutes for him before the meeting. What had he done? 13. He was building their swimming pool. What were they doing? 14. He had someone paint his daughter’s portrait. What did he do?

Make/Have + object + bare infinitive are used to express that someone causes someone else to do something, but their meaning is slightly different. She made John do the shopping. (She insisted that John should do the shopping.) She had John do the shopping. (She asked John to do the shopping.)

Get + object + to –Inf. shows that someone persuades someone else to do something. She got Ann to tidy her room. (She made Ann tidy her room.)

Exercise183. Rephrase the following using have, get or make:

1. She insisted that they go to the meeting. 2. We are going to ask the plumber to install a new shower. 3. We persuaded Paul to lend us some money. 4. The teacher asked Sam to open the window. 5. The dentist insisted that George sit still. 6. She will ask the attendant to fetch her car. 7. The doctor persuaded her to go to hospital. 8. My brother insisted that I give him back his book. 9. She persuaded her friend to help her with the cleaning. 10. We’ll ask the receptionist to give him his key. 11. He insisted on them keeping very quiet. 12. My father persuaded me to help him wash his car. 13. Mr. Smith insisted that Jane stay late at work. 14. I will ask Pam to turn down the radio. 15. Sue persuaded the caretaker to fix the door.

Exercise184. Complete the sentences using the words in bold.

1. The hairdresser will have to cut your hair.

have You’ll... have to have your hair cut …

2. A large dog has attacked my cat.

been My cat … a large dog.

3. Her mother insisted that she buy a new dress for the party.

her Her mother … a new dress for the party.

4. Someone will steal your purse if you don’t look after it.

be Your purse … if you don’t look after it.

5. Jane insisted that I have some more cake.

mad e Jane … some more cake.

6. They are resurfacing our drive tomorrow.

resurfaced We … tomorrow.

7. Our furnace will need servicing soon.

have We will need … soon.

8. Someone cleans my house every week.

have I … every week.

9. How did he persuade you to do it?

get How … do it?

10. She got a friend to make her an evening dress.

made She … by a friend.

11. Their house had been burgled when I last saw them.

had They … when I last saw them.

12. I asked my parents to pay for my flight home.

had I … for my flight home.

13. Hooligans attacked Barney outside the stadium.

got Barney … outside the stadium.

14. She doesn’t like ironing so the cleaner does it for her.

done She doesn’t like ironing so … by the cleaner.

15. He arranged for a friend to bring his books over from England.

had He … from England.

Exercise 185. The local council has decided to improve the children’s park. Read the notes below, then make sentences using the causative. You can also use your own ideas.

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