Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the different ways of expressing modality

Употребление модальных глаголов в сочетании с инфинитивом страдательного залога.

Инфинитив страдательного залога Indefinite Passive после модальных глаголов can, may, must и should переводится неопределенной формой глагола:

Today lathes can be found in any shop. – В настоящее время токарные станки можно найти в любом цехе.

The plan of producing a new kind of polymers should be fulfilled as soon as possible. – План выпуска новых полимеров следует выполнить как можно скорее.

В отрицательной форме модальные глаголы can и may с инфинитивом страдательного залога переводятся “нельзя”, must, should – “не следует”.

This device may not be switched on here. – Этот прибор нельзя здесь включать.

The batteries should not be kept uncharged. – Батареи не следует держать разряженными.

Употребление модальных глаголов в сочетании с перфектным инфинитивом (Indefinite Perfect).

Must в сочетании с перфектным инфинитивом выражает предположение, относящееся к прошлому, и переводится “должно быть, вероятно”:

Originally the Earth’s temperature must have been extremely high. – Вначале температура Земли была, вероятно, чрезвычайно высокой.

May также выражает предположение, но переводится “возможно”:

He may have finished his experiment, but we don’t know about it yet. – Он, возможно, закончил свой опыт, но мы еще ничего об этом не знаем.

Could, should, might, ought в сочетании с перфектным инфинитивом употребляются для выражения действия, которое могло бы произойти, но не произошло:You could have done this work yourself. – Вы могли бы сделать эту работу сами (но не сделали).

They should have tested the new equipment. – Они должны были проверить новое оборудование (но не проверили).

The student ought to have been careful while working with this instrument. Now the instrument is broken. – Студенту следовало быть осторожным, работая с этим прибором. Теперь прибор сломан.

Grammar exercises:

1. In scientific work we must measure in units of the metric system.

2. One should turn off the gas when one leaves home.

3. This part is very complex and the worker has to use special tools to cut it.

	to have to
must	ought to
	to be to
	should

4. We ought to say that the discovery of atomic energy is as important as the discovery of fire.

5. We should be prepared for scientific study of life on other planets.

6. Atom must serve mankind.

7. The lecture is to begin at 6 o'clock. We ought to come in time.

8. You were to replace the tool by another one, why didn't you do it?

9. The engineer will have to improve the accuracy of this machine tool.

10. He had to work hard before he was able to submit his paper to a scientific journal.

11. The use of new machinery should increase the output of coal by 25 per cent per month.

2. Translate paying attention to the meaning of the word “one”:

1. The idea of automation is one of the most important ideas for modern industry.

2. He knew that no one could help him.

3. Our old laboratory equipment was much worse than the new one.

4. Due to radioactive elements one can measure the thickness of various materials.

5. One should always inspect the machine tool before he turns it on.

6. One cannot read such technical papers without a dictionary.

7. The new power stations are much more powerful than the old ones.

8. One must know that these rays produce a harmful effect on man.

9. One should always be careful when one operates this machine tool.

10. One can easily regulate the speed of this machine.

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