Exercise 7. Pay attention to the modal verbs. Translate the sentences

Exercise 6. Learn the forms of the modal verbs. See grammar material.

Exercise 4. Learn the forms of the Gerund and Participle I. See grammar material. Translate them.

Gerund: (on/ before/ after) assembling – being assembled

(on/ before/ after) having assembled – having been assembled

(In) manufacturing – being manufactured

(In) having manufactured – having been manufactured

Exercise 5. Translate the sentences paying attention to the “ing” forms.

1) The confusion stems from the difficulty we have today in describing the scope of architecture.

2) Before going into the details we must distinguish between building and architecture.

3) This building is next to the park.

4) Building refers to the craft of constructing shelter.

5) Constructing new houses we must remember all the rules.

6) They are designing a new structure.

7) Building comprises the knowledge that man accumulates in dealing with the contingencies of providing shelter.

8) We are studying architecture now.

9) The number of postgraduates has grown, rising by over 60% in the last decade.

10) The house having been built, the workers went home.

11) Being bolted together the two details made the structure stronger.

12) Having been recognized as a building material since the earliest days the stone has been widely used for structural purposes.

13) Gas is used for lighting and heating purposes.

14) Wood partitions are far from being fire-proof.

15) Instead of being in front of the living-room in that building the balconies are in front of the kitchen.

1) Architecture should continue to develop along modernist and technological lines.

2) Traditional architecture should be a viable alternative to what we see being built all around us today.

3) This expansion joint must be filled with a pliable material.

4) Traditional structures can be repaired and reused.

5) Modern construction can achieve a thin wall and a very high building.

6) A traditional building can only really be raised about six floors.

7) The space inside can be very uncomfortable.

8) One should know all the properties of building materials.

9) People can survive like broiler chickens with artificial air and artificial light.

10) Brick must be fired in a kiln.

11) One ought to consider the cost in terms of high consumption of fossil fuels in the production of traditional and modern materials.

12) You can see Calton Hill with its ridiculous unfinished folly.

13) May I go off?

14) He was allowed to do this work.

15) She had to combine art, science and economics in her last year.

Exercise 8. Translate the following words and phrases:

Everyday activities; material technique; artistic intention.

Regard; nevertheless; inability; unwillingness; refer to; deal with; on the other hand; craft; distinction; to mean; means; by means of; at least; experience; structure; construction; shelter; reflect.

Exercise 9. Choose the right translation of the words(from “A” to “B”).

a) A Point of view; contribute; modern; confusion; arise; shelter; refer to; construction; nevertheless; services; structure; knowledge; accumulate; craft; experience; exactly; art; between; however; contagious; specify.

B Возникать; смущение (путаница); укрытие; точно; ссылаться на; точка зрения; способствовать; строительство; современный; коммуникации; знание; опыт; накапливать; строение; между; искусство; однако; заразительный; ремесло; точно определять; тем не менее.

b)

A	B
architect	строитель
to walk	работать
to work	архитектор
architecture	здание
builder	архитектура
building	ходить пешком

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