B. Translate the following phrases into English

Correct false statements.

(T) (F) The development of modern economics began as far as the 19^th century.

(T) (F) The problem of scarcity was created by society’s limited wants and

unlimited resources.

(T) (F) The branches of economics are classified according to the segments of economic life which they examine.

(T) (F) Microeconomics studies the behaviour of individuals and business firms in particular markets.

(T) (F) Macroeconomics uses such factors as employment, inflation, and economic growth to characterize the state of a particular market.

(T) (F) Both macro and microeconomics study the economy, but view it

differently.

Assignment 13. Make up questions starting with the words in brackets.

1. Many economists specialize in a particular branch of economics (What?) 2. Since the 17^th century economists have developed methods for studying the economy (Who?) 3. Microeconomics ignores the interaction with the rest of economy in order to preserve the simplicity of the analysis (Why?) 4. Microeconomics gives principal emphasis to the study of prices (What kind of study…?) 5. We can classify branches of economics according to the approach that is used (How?)

Assignment 14. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase from the box below.

efficiency, scarcity, microeconomics, response, segment of economic life, factors of production, utilization, emphasizes, macroeconomics

1. Urban economics and rural economics differ in the … which they examine. 2. The problem of … is the central problem of economics. 3. As available resources are scarce, economists determine the … of their …. 4. Microeconomics … the study of prices and people’s … to their changes. 5. … and … are the two approaches of viewing economics and the economy. 6. Economics studies the most efficient allocation of the ….

Assignment 15. A.Form nouns corresponding to the following verbs.

To analyze, to behave, to characterize, to choose, to emphasize, to employ, to generate, to ignore, to interact, to respond, to solve, to treat, to utilize.

Макроекономічний аналіз; людська поведінка; детальна характеристика; альтернативний вибір; особливий наголос; повна зайнятість; виробництво обсягу продукції; ігнорування зв’язків; постійна взаємодія; відповідь/реакція споживачів; розв’язок проблеми; загальний розгляд проблеми; використання ресурсів.

Assignment 16. Translate into English.

1. Наука економіка вивчає найбільш ефективні способи розміщення чинників виробництва. 2. Існують два підходи до вивчення економічної системи країни: макроекономічний та мікроекономічний. 3. Макроекономіка досліджує економіку в цілому та зосереджується на взаємодіях в межах економічної системи. 4. Для того, щоб охарактеризувати загальний стан економіки, макроекономіка використовує такі важливі фактори як економічне зростання, зайнятість та інфляція. 5. Мікроекономіка розглядає поведінку людей та організацій на окремих ринках. 6. Мікроекономіка детально вивчає такі проблеми як дефіцит, вибір, витрати внаслідок прийняття альтернативного рішення, виробництво та споживання. 7. Мікроекономіка досліджує вплив цін на поведінку окремих людей та бізнес фірм.

Grammar: Expressing the past action. Reported Speech (p.273, 278-279)

Assignment 17. Choose the correct form of the verb, paying attention to time expressions.

1. I saw/have seen him a few days ago – he looked/has looked so happy! 2. Mary worked/has worked here since last autumn. 3. Before the yesterday’s meeting Peter looked/has looked for his papers everywhere but couldn’t find them. Has anybody seen/did anybody see them? 4. When we spoke/have spoken to her last time she proposed/has proposed a very unusual solution to our problem. Have you examined/ did you examine it yet? 5. Today was/has been a really busy day – and it’s only lunchtime! 6. When did they disclose/have they disclosed this information? It was/ has been a top secret for years! 7. I called/have called on you last Friday but you weren’t/ haven’t been at home. Where did you go/ have you gone? 8. In his previous report our sales manager drew/has drawn our attention to our competitors’ strange behaviour. Now the things cleared/have cleared up – they decided/have decided to leave this market. 9. She sent/has sent them our offer two weeks ago and didn’t get/ hasn’t got any reply yet. 10. We’re enjoying our stay here. So far we made/have made a lot of useful contacts.

Assignment 18. Use the words in brackets in either the past simple or past continuous.

1. Jack (explain) a new technique when Peter (interrupt) him. 2. To reach the result quicker we (decide) to divide our task: I (collect) information while Gill (analyze) it. 3. Everybody (wait) in the lecture room when the professor (enter) and (apologize) for being late. 4. While she (introduce) a new employee she (draw) our attention to his excellent qualification. 5. We (discuss) the structure of the company when he (offer) a radical reorganization. 6. While he (look for) a new job he (apply) to several job agencies. 7. She (arrange) the seats for the meeting of the shareholders while her colleague (check) the list of the participants.

*Time expressions.

For and since are used to talk about something continuing up to a particular moment of time. We use for to talk about the period of time and since to say when it started.

e.g. I had been working in personnel department for 3 years since January

1998 and then moved to sales department.

Ago means ‘before present’ and is used with past simple.

Before(that) / previously refers to a time before another time.

e.g. I started my career 5 years ago. Before that/ Previously I studied

management at the University.

After is usually followed by an object.

e.g. He asked me to stay after the meeting to exchange our opinions.

During is a preposition and is used before a noun phrase.

While is a linking word and is used before a clause.

e.g. I got interested in this problem during my stay at the University.

I got interested in this problem while I was staying at the University.

By means ‘on or before’ a certain period of time and accompanies Perfect tenses.

Until means ‘up to’ a certain period of time and is usually used with Simple or Continuous tenses.

e.g. I had finished my report by ten yesterday.

I was writing my report until ten yesterday.

Assignment 19. Put the verbs in brackets in the proper past tense and complete the sentences with one of these time expressions: for, since, while, ago, during, after, before, by.

I (graduate) from the University in Lviv three years …. I (be) at the University … about 5 years.... graduation I (work) … some time as an accountant in a trade firm. I (look for) a job … I (be) in my last year at the University but it (be) not easy to find any in my field. Well, … a five-month search I (agree) to take a position of an accountant though at the university I (major) in international trade. … I (work) as an accountant I (keep) sending my CV to different job agencies. … my ‘accountant’ period I (gain) work experience, (learn) a lot of techniques for financial analysis and (acquire) important skills. Nevertheless my goal (remain) the same – a job with an international company, the dream I (dream) … I (leave) school. I (go) to a lot of job interviews … eventually I (find) the job I (like). … that time I (get) enough experience in financial sphere and (be offered) a position in the credit department of a big international bank.

Assignment 20. Rewrite each sentence in reported speech.

1. Steve said, ”Be more attentive. You are always making the same mistake”. 2. Kate asked me, ”How long have you been working for this company?” 3. He reminded me, ”Don’t forget to do it!” 4. The lecturer said, ”Macroeconomics studies global economic problems”. 5. They asked me at the interview, ”Do you speak English fluently?” 6. She proposed, ”Let’s meet again in a month”. 7. He said, “They have never been to London Stock Exchange before”. 8. She said, ”I was studying economics for 3 years at the University”. 9. The head of the department told us, ”This conference gives us a chance to make some useful business contacts”. 10. Chris said, ”I haven’t seen my boss yet. I was told that he was inspecting our local production facilities”.

Assignment 21. Retell the jokes in Reported Speech.

1. Pam: Hasn’t Harvey ever married?

Beryl: No, and I don’t think he intends to, because he’s studying for a

Bachelor’s degree.

2. – Our economics professor talks to himself. Does yours?

– Yes, but he doesn’t realize it – he thinks we’re listening.

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