Taxes in relation to income

Closely connected to the … principle is the way the tax … is distributed among people in relation to their level of income. Taxes often take a different … of income from … than they do from ….

A progressive tax is a tax that takes a larger … of higher incomes and a smaller … of lower incomes.

A regressive tax is a tax that takes a larger … of lower incomes and a smaller … of higher incomes. Regressive taxes go against the … principle of taxation.

A proportional tax is a tax that takes the same … of income from all taxpayers. Proportional taxes do follow the … principle of taxation.

Assignment 14. Fill in the blanks with the proper preposition.

1. The local government can finance the repair … city roads … using taxes levied … vehicles and parking. 2. Businesses can often pass taxes, … least … part, … … the consumers. 3. How big is the tax … issuing a release … location … a repair shop? 4. Who is responsible … tax computation … your company? 5. Direct taxes are those paid … the parties … whom the taxes are levied.

Assignment 15. Translate into English.

1. Система оподаткування є джерелом урядових витрат. 2. Окремі особи сплачують податок на особистий прибуток, а підприємства – податок на прибуток компанії. 3. Місцеві органи уповноважені встановлювати місцеві податки та збори. 4. Загальні державні податки мають однаковий механізм стягнення по всій території країни. 5. Правильне обчислення податків – основна турбота платників податків.

Grammar: Complex Sentence. Types of Clauses: attributive clauses.

Підрядні означальні речення (attributive clauses) виконують роль означення до іменника чи займенника головного речення і з’єднуються з ним відносними займенниками who (для позначення людей замість he/she/they), that (для позначення людей та речей замість he/she/it/they), which (для позначення речей замість it/they), and whose (замість присвійних займенників his/her/its/their).

e.g. The person who/that I spoke to is our tax accountant.

The new tax rates which/that the government proposed last month have been adopted by the Parliament.

Assignment 16. Join the following sentences into a complex one using the proper relative pronoun. Mind that attributive clause goes immediately after the word it modifies.

1.1). She works for Unicom. 2). It is our main competitor in the local market.

2. 1). He studies corporate taxation. 2). It is a very complex area.

3. 1). Nike is a well-known company. 2). It produces the best sportswear.

4. 1). This is Ms. Johnson. 2). She is our sales representative.

5. 1). We need some new equipment. 2). It must be ordered immediately.

6. 1). They launched a new product. 2). It became very popular with the customers.

7. 1). In each country there is a special government department. 2). It is responsible for assessing individual and corporate tax liabilities.

8. 1). Taxes on business often can be shifted to the people. 2). These people buy the company’s products.

9. 1). We have to hire an experienced tax accountant. 2). The person must be aware of the latest taxation amendments.

10. 1). Our company is going to take part in the trade fair. 2). The fair will be held in May.

* Є два види означальних речень: описове(defining) і неописове (non-defining). Описове речення точно визначає, яку людину чи річ ми описуємо.

e.g. The company which is our main competitor is Victory.

Неописове речення надає додаткову інформацію про людину чи річ і відокремлюється комою. Якщо таке речення випустити, зміст усього речення не зміниться. В неописовому реченні ми ніколи не вживаємо відносний займенник that.

e.g. The manager, who looked very friendly, explained the procedure in detail.

Assignment 17. Decide whether the words in italics are defining or non-defining clauses. Put commas to separate a non-defining clause.

1. He proposed the idea that really seems very interesting. 2. Oil prices which are already very high are further increasing. 3. In the period of inflation the money that debtors pay back in the future is worth less than the money that was originally lent. 4. Mr. Black who bought some property in this location back in 1987 decided to renovate some of the buildings. 5. Credit unions which recently lent money at a 10 percent rate of interest raised their rates to 12 percent. 6. Our company which had duly paid taxes before was highly praised by the local taxation administration. 7. Assessing the test that seemed quite simple revealed unexpected results. 8. Everybody should understand the basic principles that the taxation system is based on.

* В описовому підрядному означальному реченні (defining clause) ми можемо випустити відносний займенник, якщо одразу за ним йде іменник або займенник, тобто підмет підрядного речення.

e.g. The person (who) I consulted with is my supervisor.

The idea (that) they proposed seems very interesting.

Ми зберігаємо відносний займенник, якщо він сам є підметом підрядного речення і за ним іде дієслово-присудок.

e.g. The person who consulted me is my supervisor.

They proposed the idea that seems very interesting.

В неописовому підрядному означальному реченні (non-defining clause) ми завжди вживаємо відносний займенник.

Assignment 18. Put the relative pronoun in brackets if it can be left out.

1. Those people who best afford to pay taxes should pay most of the taxes. 2. Those people who you saw at the conference were our local suppliers. 3. Parking tax that is paid by the owners of vehicles is collected by tax collectors on site. 4. Parking tax, which the local government introduced last year, caused heated discussion in the press. 5. Parking tax money that we collected last year turned out to be smaller than we had expected. 6. Businesses that are established by disabled people have certain tax benefits. 7. It is the consumer who actually pays part of the tax in the price of the good. 8. Governments finance public goods that all citizens have access to.

* Інколи описові підрядні означальні речення можна скоротити. В таких випадках не вживаємо відносний займенник who, which, that (тобто підмет підрядного речення), і дієслово-присудок замінюємо дієприкметником теперішнім (present participle), якщо присудок стоїть в активній формі, або дієприкметником минулим (past participle), якщо присудок стоїть в пасивній формі.

e.g. 1. A person who pays taxes is called a taxpayer. – A person paying taxes is called a taxpayer.

2. Part of the tax money that was collected from advertising was used to organize the festival. – Part of the tax money collected from advertising was used to organize the festival.

Assignment 19. Shorten the attributive clauses in the following sentences.

1. Taxes that are levied on gasoline are used to repair and improve highways. 2. Applying the measures that will cut the rate of inflation the government is going to stabilize the economy. 3. The local tax which was imposed on advertising agencies for outdoor ads will bring a lot of money to the city budget. 4. Personal income tax that is levied on all employed citizens is a proportional tax. 5. Excise taxes that are imposed on certain goods follow the benefit principle of taxation.

Assignment 20. Read the text below in which the attributive clauses are in italics and do the following:

- Complete the sentences with the appropriate relative pronoun.

- Decide whether the clauses are defining or non-defining.

- Put brackets round the relative pronoun if it can be omitted.

- Rewrite sentences which can be shortened.

Property taxes are taxes (1) are most often used by local governments. A property tax is a tax (2) is levied on real estate, such as a home, land, and buildings. In general, the value of property (3) someone owns is assessed, and then a certain percentage of the value of property (4) was assessed must be paid in taxes. Property taxes are often regressive because they are based on property value rather than on income. The regressiveness of the property tax shows most for senior citizens. They may have worked hard for many years in order to pay for their homes (5) they bought for their families long before. However, when they retire their incomes drop sharply. Despite this drop in income, they must continue to pay taxes on their property (6) generates no income.

* Інколи підрядні речення (не означальні) вводяться словом that, яке в цих випадках є просто сполучником (conjunction). Слово that також входить до складних сполучників як от so that, provided that, providing that, in order that, now that, given that.

e.g. We must realize that taxes are an inseparable part of economic activity (objective clause). Now that we have paid import duties, we can supply these goods to the market (adverbial clause).

Assignment 21. In the following sentences define whether that is a relative pronoun (RP) or a conjunction (C). Translate the sentences.

1. They will accept our terms provided that we arrange for delivery. 2. Everybody should recognize that taxes are inevitable. 3. Now that communication can be handled electronically, many taxpayers send their income tax forms by e-mail. 4. He said that these products are exempt from the sales tax. 5. We arranged for the meeting with the tax inspector so that we could learn about possible tax benefits for our business. 6. Import tax rates that they are going to increase are aimed at protecting the home producers. 7. Given that tax accounting is very important they hired a person who was experienced in this field.

Дата добавления: 2014-11-29