Sequence of Tenses. Direct and Reported Speech

Узгодження часів. Пряма і непряма мова.

Principle clause tenseform	Subordinate clause tense form	Example
Present Future	Any	I believe that he’ll come soon. We admit that we have made a mistake. He says that he saw Mary yesterday.
Past	One step in the past: Present→Past Present Indefinite → Past Indefinite   Present Continuous → Past Continuous     Present Perfect → Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous	He said, “I know it”.→ He said that he knew it. “What are you doing?” mother asked me. → Mother asked me what I was doing. “What haveyou done?”→ She asked me what I had done.
Past→ Past Perfect PastIndefinite → Past Perfect   Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous   Past Perfect → Past Perfect	She said, “We met you last year”→ She said that we had met the year before. She said,” We were looking for him everywhere” → She said that they had been looking for him everywhere
Future→Future-in-the-Past FutureIndefinite →Future Indefinite-in-the-Past Future Continuous → Future Continuous-in-the-Past Future Perfect→ Future Perfect-in-the-Past Future Perfect Continuous → Future Perfect Continuous-in-the-Past	will → would (‘ll →’ld) I believed that he would come soon. He asked Mary, “Will you gothere?” → He asked Mary if she would go there.

Перетворення різних типів речень у непрямій мові

Type of sentence in Direct Speech	Example of Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Declarative sentence – розповідне речення reporting verbs: say, tell, admit, mention, advise, refuse, report, inform, remind, reply, explain	He says, “I major in management”. She said, “We were checking the documents all the morning”. Tom said, “I’ll be waiting for you outside”.	He says that he majors in management. She said that they had been checking the documents all the morning. Tom said that he would be waiting for me outside.
Interrogative sentence – питальне речення reporting verbs: ask, inquire, wonder, want to know	General question I asked him, “Do you major in management?” Special question He asked me, “What have you seen?” He said, “Where are you going?”	I asked him if/whether he majored in management.   He asked me what I had seen. He wanted to know where I was going.
Imperative sentence – наказове речення reporting verbs: tell, suggest, order, ask, request, propose, warn	She said, “Bring me the papers, please”. He said, “Let’s have a party”. She warned, “Don’t do it again”.	She asked me to bring the papers. He proposed to have a party. She warned us not to do it again.
Lexical changes Лексичні зміни	This these here now today yesterday   tomorrow   the day after tomorrow last week (month, year…) next week (month, year)	that those there then, at that time that day the day before, the previous day the next day, the following day two days later the week (month, year) before the week (month, year) after

Правило узгодження часів не застосовується, якщо ми передаємо загальновідомі факти та вічні істини.

Modal Verbs. Модальні дієслова.

Дієслово Can Еквіваленти: be able (to) manage (to)	Вживання 1.Фізична чи розумо-ва здатність / нездат-ність, вміння /невмін-ня 2. Дозвіл 3. Прохання дозволу 4. Подив, недовіра (питальна форма) 5. Неможливість, неймовірність (заперечна форма) 6. Заборона (заперечна форма)	Переклад можу вмію     можна можна? не може бути, що; не може бути, що; навряд чи не можна	Приклад 1. I can /cannot answer this question. 2. You can go there if you want. 3.Can I borrow your book? 4. Canit bePete who said it? 5. He cannot be working yet.   6. You cannot stay here alone.
Could	1.Фізична чи розумо-ва здатність /нездат-ність, вміння/ невмін-ня у минулому 2. Ввічливе прохання (питальна форма) 3. Ймовірність, можливість (менше 50%)	міг, вмів   можна? чи не...? можливо	1. When I was younger, I could /couldn’t do it myself.   2. Could you lend me your pen? 3. This information could be reliable.
May Еквіваленти: be allowed (to) be permitted (to)	1. Дозвіл   2. Прохання дозволу   3. Ймовірність, можливість (більше 50%)	можна   можна?   можливо	1.You may take your place. 2.May I call him tomorrow? 3. I may see Mr. Parker tonight.
Might	1.Дозвіл в минулому   2. Можливість, ймовірність (менш ніж 50%)	міг   можливо	1.He said I might borrow his book. 2.She might get lost if she doesn’t know the address.
Must еквіваленти have (to) be (to)	1. Необхідність, обов’язок 2. Впевненість (~100%) 3. Наказ 4. Заборона (заперечна форма)	повинен мушу напевно   повинен не можна	1. We must answer this letter immediately. 2. She is absent. She must be away on business. 3. You must leave at once. 4. You mustn't argue with your boss.
Will	1. Намір   2. Прохання, пропозиція (питальна форма)	обов’язково   чи не...?	1. I will meet you at the office. 2. Will you please signthe papers?
Would	1. Прохання дозволу     2. Надання переваги   3. Прохання	Ви не проти, якщо...? скоріше   Чи не...?	1. Would you mind if I invite the manager? 2. I would rather discuss the terms of the contract. 3. Wouldyou lookfor these files, please?
Shall	1. Наказ (особливо в офіційних документах)   2. Пропонування, намір	повинен   чи не...?	1. All company workers shall be present at the party.   2. Shall I start analyzing the data?
Should	1. Порада, інструкція рекомендація   2. Докір, дорікання	краще, слід варто   не варто, не слід	1. You should check everything yourself.   2. You should not rely on him.
Ought to	Порада, рекомендація	краще, слід	You ought to hire a bookkeeper.
Need	1. Потреба в чомусь, необхідність   2. Відсутність потреби чи необхідності	повинен, потрібно   не варто, не потрібно	1. We need consult the lawyer.   2. We needn’t worry – everything will be O.K.

Conditional Sentences (Умовні речення)

Нульовий тип умовних речень – Zero Conditional

Subordinate Clause	Principle Clause
Present Tense	Present Tense
If the price of a product falls,	demand for it usually rises.

Перший тип умовних речень – First Conditional

Subordinate Clause	Principle Clause
Present Tense	Future Tense, Modal Verb, Imperative
If you giveme an extra holiday, If the traffic isbad, If Mr. Duval comesin,	I'll workthisweekend. I may gethome late. gethim to sign that contract.

Другий тип умовних речень – Second Conditional

Subordinate Clause	Principle Clause
Past Indefinite Tense	Would + Infinitive, Modal Verb
Iftrains weremore reliable, If we hadthe finance,	more people would usethem. we could expandmuch more rapidly.

Третій тип умовних речень – Third Conditional

Subordinate Clause	Principle Clause
Past Perfect Tense	would + Perfect Infinitive
If he had not goneto the casino,	hewould not have lostall his money.

Дата добавления: 2014-11-29