Финансовом и промышленном центре США

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Off the Ground: How do We Find Where We are Going?

Scientists who are concerned with such a problem generally

agree that birds have some kind of so-called «second sense» that allows

them to fly over land and water without getting lost. Indeed,

birds are always able to find their destinations and make a return fly

without any trouble at all.

But people need help in finding their destination when piloting

their own airplanes. This, of course, is called navigation.

Navigation is the art of finding your way from where you start

to your destination. Whether used by the seamen, explorer or the

pilot, navigation falls into three basic categories: dead reckoning

(счисление пути) which is the basis for all navigation, celestial

navigation which is flying by the aid of the sun and other stars, and

radio and radar navigation.

Several different kinds of aeronautical maps provide all the details

which might be needed by the pilot. And hundreds of radio

navigation stations are located at different places around the world

to help guide the pilot. All the pilot needs to do is to tune to these

radio transmitters and he will get the directional signals he needs.

Distance measuring equipment now used in many airplanes tells

the pilot exactly how far he is from a radio station and at what

speed he is travelling over the ground.

When certain types of weather prevent the pilot from seeing the

ground, additional radio transmitters let him make his approach to

an airport by simply watching his flight instruments and his radio

receiver indicators. These receivers help the pilot descend on the

runway, thus landing at an airport even though he cannot see the

ground.

At the world's larger air terminals airplanes are provided with

radar guidance as another means of guiding the pilot to the destination.

With the help of an electronic transponder (ретранслятор) in

each airplane which shows it on the radar screen, radar controllers

guide hundreds of airplanes to landing.

Because of the great improvement in electronic and radio navigation

equipment, flying to where you are going is done as efficiently

as the birds do it and much more scientifically.

Text 8D

New York

Situated at the mouth of the deep Hudson River, New York has

always been the gate of the USA. But it is more than just a door: it

is also a window through which the life of the whole nation may be

observed. New York is a city of striking social contrasts. It is a place

where most of the millionaires live and at the same time a greater

proportion of New Yorkers live at a lower level than the average for

the US. In 1626 Dutch colonists set up here the first settlement,

named New Amsterdam. They bought Manhattan Island from Indians

for 24 dollars and a barrel of rum. The Americans say that it

was the best business deal ever made in New York. In 1664 the

colony was captured by British fleet under Duke of York and renamed

New York.

Now New York includes five boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx,

Queens, Brooklyn and Richmond.

Manhattan is the smallest of the five city boroughs in size and it

is not the largest in population although the majority spend a considerable

part of the day in this center of business life. Here are

Broadway, Wall Street and the Stock Exchange. This is the heart

and source of American policy.

Harlem is also in Manhattan. Thick walls separate this «Black

Bottom» with 450,000 coloured people from the white population.

In the bay stands the bronze Statue of Liberty given to the

United States by France as a present in 1886. Its torch is 60 meters

high and can be seen at night for many miles. A new American Museum

of Immigration is open at the base of the Statue.

The Bronx is a more residential rather than industrial part of the

city. The well-known Zoo and Botanic Gardens are in the Bronx.

Queens is both a residential and industrial area. New York's

two biggest airports are both there.

The Brooklyn Navy Yard is the largest naval shipbuilding center

in the world. Brooklyn has more people than any other part of

the city — about 3,000,000. It is mostly a district of middle-class

people.

Richmond is the borough of piers and warehouses. Its population

is only 200,000.

What rnakes New York? First of all, it is a great seaport, the

greatest in tte USA. The sea encircles many of the city areas. It is

also a greai financial center, where «money-making» is the main

law of life. It is the symbol of big business and its Wall Street has

become a riickname for big monopolies all over the world. New

York is the leading textile center of the country and its clothes industry.

It has a considerable printing industry and many

book-shops; It is also undoubtedly one of the centres of social and

spiritual lif<: of America. There are a lot of Art Galleries, among

them rich Henry Frick collections, and many impressive art museums

(Metropolitan Museum, Modern Art Museum, American Art

Museum and others). For a long time New York specialized in giving

visitors a good time at its theatres, restaurants, night clubs,

sporting art^nas, and therefore has a large hotel industry. It is the

main publi$j;hing, advertising and radio center with Columbia and

New York universities and various city colleges.

Among the inhabitants of New York one can meet people of almost

all nations. The population of New York numbers about 16

million. Th^ citizens speak seventy-five different languages.

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