EXERCISES. Exercise 1. Substitute pronouns for the italicized words in each sentence. Model: The boy is reading the book

Exercise 1.

Substitute pronouns for the italicized words in each sentence.

Model:

The boy is reading the book. – He is reading it.

1.	Mary is studying her lesson with John.
2.	His friends always enjoy his jokes very much.
3.	The man is moving the furniture into the other room.
4.	Frank and I usually meet our friends at the corner.
5.	The United States consists of fifty individual states.
6.	The women are talking about the party.
7.	Those people need the money as soon as possible.
8.	Are the men speaking to Mr. Brown at this moment?
9.	The waitress always washes the tables carefully.
10.	The people don’t like the news very much.
11.	The police protect the city day and night.
12.	The policeman is giving a ticket to that woman.
13.	All of the students enjoy basketball very much.

Exercise 2.

Supply the correct possessive pronouns in the following sentences.

Model:

They usually eat their lunch at the Ritz Cafeteria.

1.	We always study ____ English lessons very carefully.
2.	That girl always takes very good care of ____ clothes.
3.	The children are playing with ____ toys right now.
4.	I always put ____ pens and pencils in the second in the second drawer.
5.	Mr. and Mrs. Wilson are sitting in ____ living room now.
6.	You and I don’t spend ____ money very carefully.
7.	Miss Davis is using ____ sister’s book today.
8.	We write letters to ____ friends once or twice a month
9.	Tom and Bill are walking home with ____ friends.
10.	Mr. Brown seldom drives ____ car to ____ office.
11.	You don’t do ____ English lessons very carefully.

Exercise 3.

Substitute a possessive pronoun for the words in parentheses in each sentence.

Model:	That book is (my book). - That book is mine.
Those are (her pictures). - Those pictures are hers.

1.	Is this your purse or (Miss Brown’s purse)?
2.	Are those my shoes or (his shoes)?
3.	Their house and (our house) are both on the same block.
4.	That red car in front of (your car) is (my brother’s car).
5.	Are these two books (your books) or (my books)?
6.	All of these magazines are (his magazines).
7.	Those cigarettes on the table are (my cigarettes).
8.	Are all of these papers (your papers)?
9.	That newspaper on the desk is (her newspaper).
10.	That big white house on the corner is (their house)
11.	Edward’s new suit and (my new suit) are very similar.

Exercise 4.

Supply the correct reflexive pronouns in the following sentences.

Model:

I will ask him myself.

1.	Don’t hurt ____ Mike!
2.	Don’t hurt ____, children!
3.	He defended ____ bravely.
4.	They told me the news ____.
5.	She will answer the letter ____.
6.	We’ll do it ____.
7.	I looked at ____ in the mirror.

Exercise 5.

State whether the self-pronoun is emphatic or reflexive. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.	The villagers built themselves new houses.
2.	They build the houses themselves.
3.	The man opened the door and found himself facing a stranger.
4.	Would you mind keeping your opinion to yourself?
5.	I heard it from a man who himself was present there.
6.	He was in a still worse position than ourselves.
7.	Go and see it for yourself.
8.	You can trust him. He is honesty himself.
9.	And then they left me to myself.
10.	If one wants a thing done, one had best do it oneself.
11.	He noticed that there was someone standing between himself and the door.

Exercise 6.

State which of the pronouns in bold type are reciprocal. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.	They looked at one another in surprise.
2.	We couldn’t hear each other’s words for the wind.
3.	He smoked one cigarette after another.
4.	Although they lived in the same street they rarely saw each other.
5.	The new-comer shook hands with the host and nodded to every other in the room.

Exercise 7.

Choose thisorthese.

Model:

This is your briefcase. These are your books.

1.	____ questions are hard.
2.	____ seem very hard.
3.	____ seems very easy.
4.	____ lesson is simple.
5.	____ words are new.
6.	____ goes on ____ lines.

Exercise 8.

Choose thatorthose.

Model:

Is that man here now? Are those students ready?

1.	Are ____ your gloves?
2.	Does ____ seem difficult?
3.	Do ____ men speak English?
4.	Is ____ lesson very easy?
5.	Do ____ feel comfortable?
6.	Do ____ belong on ____ desk?
7.	Does ____ go in ____ drawers?

Exercise 9.

Choose sentences where that, thosesubstitute nouns.

1.	Natural rubber is of higher quality than that produced artificially.
2.	These factors taken together ensure high production efficiency.
3.	The pictures painted by Rembrant and those painted by Rubens have very little in common.
4.	Those are the lorries carrying our brothers to the mines.
5.	There are no richer art museums in this country than these of St Petersburg.
6.	The electric power output in our country cannot compare to that of pre-revolutionary Russia.
7.	Consumption of bread and potatoes is decreasing steadily while that of sugar is increasing despite doctors’ recommendations
8.	The new technologies that are being developed must be connected with traditional ones.
9.	These devices are more reliable than those designed in our laboratory.
10.	An important matter is that of raising the effectiveness of external economic relations
11.	For the last generation, Silicon Valley and Tokyo have been working to design computers that are ever easier to use.
12.	These control systems are more efficient than those described in that journal.
13.	A work generated by a computer may resemble that of a certain artist in both style and form.
14.	The simplest materials are those which have only one kind of atoms.
	The robots became so intelligent that they revolted.

Exercise 10.

.Substitute thatorthosefor the repeated nouns.

1.	The pictures painted by Rembrandt and the pictures painted by Rubens have very little in common.
2.	The language in plays is usually easier and more simple than the language in novels.
3.	The music of Queen of Spades is more dramatic than the music of Eugene Onegin.
4.	The stories written by O. Henry are as full of life as the stories written by Mark Twain.
5.	Natural rubber is of higher quality than rubber produced artificially.

Exercise 11.

Underline the correct item.

Model:

Give me some /any hot water, please. Have you bought some/ any milk?

1.	I hardly know somebody/anybody here.
2.	You can buy postcards at any/no post office.
3.	Among all the people who came to the party she cared for anybody/nobody.
4.	It was a great concert. Everybody/somebody enjoyed it.
5.	Have they got any/some objections to our proposal?
6.	Some/every day he will achieve great success.
7.	Somebody/everybody who went to Egypt spent a good time.
8.	Are you going anywhere/nowhere these summer holidays?
9.	I want to go somewhere/anywhere but I don’t have no/any money.

Exercise 12.

Fill in anyone / anybody, any, anything, no one / nobody, something, some, someone / somebody.

Model:

Are there any extra chairs in the other classroom?

1.	The chairman didn’t get suggestions from ____ in the audience.
2.	I didn’t have ____ trouble with my report last night.
3.	Did you see ____in the hall outside the office?
4.	The secretary is speaking to ____ on the phone now.
5.	He didn’t say ____ to the boss about his plans.
6.	The girls didn’t buy ____ at the store today.
7.	____ knows a thing about this except you and me.
8.	There’s ____ for you on the desk in your room.
9.	There will be ____ in the office before 9 a.m.
10.	The children are eating ____ ice-cream in the kitchen.

Exercise 13.

Fill in much, many.

Model:

That program has much advertising and many interruptions.

1.	That work took ____time. It was ____trouble for us.
2.	You drank too ____ coffee and eat too ____ sandwiches last night.
3.	Frank receives ____ e-mails from his friends and relatives.
4.	You didn’t invite very ____ guests.
5.	The waitress put too ____ cream and sugar in my coffee.
6.	The students had ____ difficulties with the translation.
7.	The radio is very loud now. It is making ____ noise.
8.	He spoke too fast and used too ____ hard words for me.

Exercise 14.

Fill in few, a few, little, a little.

Model:

Would you like a little milk in your tea? And, please, have a few sweets, too.

1.	I have ____ time, so let’s go for walk.
2.	I don’t think she is a good teacher, she has got ____ patience.
3.	____ can afford to buy house abroad.
4.	____ people can play golf perfectly.
5.	He went to ____ parties and enjoyed all of them.
6.	She made ____ corrections to my business plan.
7.	Did you have a chance to say ____ words to the boss before the meeting?
8.	His ideas are very complex, and ____ people can understand them.
9.	____ knowledge is a dangerous thing.

Exercise 15.

Analyze the pronoun in bold type and state whether they are conjunctive, relative or interrogative.

1.	He turned from his work to see who was there.
2.	Nothing she had done that morning was worth the time that she had spent on it.
3.	Who could have thought that they would do it like that?
4.	My group mate whom I met two days ago was very upset.
5.	What time did she go off duty last night?
6.	The painting that has been bought is very expensive.
7.	Still it would be better to have some idea what he was going back to.
8.	I remember you mentioned Wednesday and Friday. Which day shall we make it then?
9.	The book which she gave me is very interesting.
10.	He felt like one whose dream has come true, but too late.

Exercise 16.

Complete the following dialogues with suitable pronouns. Memorize and play out them.

1.	- Shall I take the table out into the garden?
- Yes, please. And the chairs, too.
- Right. Where shall I put them.
Oh anywhere. I’ll bring the tea.
2.	- Excuse me, could you tell me where Paddington Station is?
- I’m sorry, I can’t. I’m a stranger here myself.
3.	- By the way, I quite forgot to tell you that I’ve visited the zoo.
- Oh? When did you go there?
- I went there last Saturday afternoon with a girlfriend. We both enjoyed it very much.
- I haven’t been to the zoo since last summer, but it hasn’t changed much, I imagine.
4.	- We haven’t bought the new furniture for Robert’s room yet.
- No. If he is going to use it as a study as well as a bedroom, he must have a few extra things.

3.	- Has there been an accident?
- As you see.
- Can I see your driving licence and insurance certificate?
- Here you are.
- (pointing to the other driver) Do you want to charge this person with dangerous driving?
- Well … we’ve exchanged particulars. Both our cars are damaged a bit.

3.	It’s Peter’s birthday the day after tomorrow. I’ve had a new suit made for him to wear at his party.
Are we going to have a lot of his friends here, Nora?
Oh, yes, didn’t I tell you?
Are you going to cook all the cakes and things yourself?
Some of them And the rest I’ll have done by a shop.

ГЛАГОЛ (THE VERB)

Глагол – часть речи, которая обозначает действие или состояние, представленное в виде действия.

My brother works at a factory. I wrote several letters yesterday.

Мой брат работает на фабрике. Вчера я написал несколько писем.

Основной функцией глагола в предложении является функция сказуемого.

По морфологическому составу глаголы делятся на:

a) простые (Simple Verbs), состоящие из одной основы и не имеющие в своем составе префиксов или суффиксов: to go идти, to play играть;

b) производные (Derived Verbs), в состав которых входят префиксы и суффиксы: to mis take ошибаться, to beauti fyукрашать;

c) сложные (Compound Verbs), состоящие из двух основ, но выражающие одно понятие: to whitewash белить, to fulfil выполнять;

d) составные (Phrasal Verbs), состоящие из глагольной основы предлога или наречия, которые могут отделяться друг от другими словами: to go inвходить, to go outвыходить, to go awayуходить.

По своему значению и выполняемой в предложении роли, глаголы делятся на смысловые, вспомогательные, глаголы-связки и модальные глаголы.

Смысловые глаголы (Notional Verbs) имеют самостоятельное значение и употребляются в предложении в функции простого глагольного сказуемого:

She lives in London.

Она живет в Лондоне.

Вспомогательные глаголы (Auxiliary Verbs) не имеют самостоятельного значения и служат для образования сложных глагольных форм. К ним относятся глаголы: to be, to have, to do, shall (should), will (would).

She is working in the library. I have written a letter to my friend. I don’t understand what you mean. He will be busy tomorrow.

Она работает в библиотеке. Я написал письмо своему другу. Я не понимаю, что ты имеешь в виду. Он будет занят завтра.

Глаголы-связки (Link Verbs) служат для образования составного именного сказуемого (сами по себе, они не выражают действия, а служат для связи подлежащего со смысловой частью сказуемого и показывают лицо, число и время). Основным глаголом-связкой является глагол to be быть. Кроме того, функцию связки могут выполнять глаголы: to become, to get, to grow, to turn (в значении становиться), to look like ( в значении похоже, что) и некоторые другие.

He is a student. My coat got wet. His face turned white.

Он – студент. Мое пальто промокло. Его лицо побледнело.

Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs), выражают отношение к действию, которое выражено инфинитивом смыслового глагола. К ним относятся: can мочь, быть в состоянии, may мочь, иметь возможность, must быть должным, обязанным что-то сделать, need нужно, ought to быть должным что-то сделать, следовало бы что-то сделать и др.

I can help you. She must do it at once. You ought to come in time.

Я могу помочь тебе. Она должна сделать это немедленно. Вы обязаны прийти вовремя.

Примечание: Некоторые глаголы (to be, to have, to do) могут употребляться в предложении и как смысловые, и как вспомогательные, и как модальные, и как глаголы-связки.

Все глаголы (за исключением модальных) имеют личные (Finite Forms) и неличные (Non-Finite Forms) формы.

Личные формы глагола имеют грамматические категории лица, числа, наклонения, времени, залога. Они служат в предложении сказуемым и согласуются с подлежащим в лице и числе.

Неличныеформы глагола – инфинитив (the Infinitive), герундий (the Gerund) и причастие (Present Participle, Past Participle) выражают действие без указания лица, числа и наклонения. Они не могут выступать в предложении в роли сказуемого, а выполняют различные другие функции.

Глаголы могут также подразделяться на многочисленные группы по следующим признакам:

1) действие – состояние;

2) переходность – непереходность.

Глаголы действия (Dynamic Verbs) обозначают собственно действия, события (to eat есть, to run бежать, to write писать, to burn гореть, и др.).

Глаголы состояния (Stative Verbs) обозначают статичные состояния или отношения. К ним относятся:

a) глаголы эмоционального состояния: to adore обожать, to admire любоваться, to care беспокоиться, to dislike испытывать неприязнь, to fear бояться, to hate ненавидеть, to like любить, to love любить, и др.;

b) глаголы умственной деятельности: to believe верить, to forget забывать, to know знать, to realize осуществлять, to remember помнить, to suppose полагать, to think думать, to understand понимать, и др.;

c) глаголы чувственного восприятия: to feel чувствовать, to hear слышать, to see видеть, понимать, to smell иметь запах, to taste иметь вкус.

d) глаголы отношения to apply обращаться с просьбой, to belong принадлежать, to contain содержать в себе, to depend зависеть, to include включать в себя, to involve привлекать, to lack испытывать недостаток, to matter иметь значение, to need нуждаться (в чём-л.), to possess владеть, и др.

Переходные глаголы (T ransitive verbs ) – это глаголы, обозначающие действие, направленное на какой-либо объект, грамматически выполняющий функцию дополнения (to write a letter писать письмо, to read a newspaper читать газету).

Непереходные глаголы (I ntransitive verbs ) – это глаголы, выражающие действие, которое не переходит непосредственно на предмет или лицо, т. е. не имеют при себе прямого дополнения (tо shine светить, tо sleep спать, to go идти, to remain оставаться и др .).

В зависимости от способа образования прошедшего простого (неопределенного) времени thePast Simple (Indefinite) Tense и причастия прошедшего времени (PastParticiple) глаголы делятся на правильные (Regular Verbs) и неправильные (Irregular Verbs).

Правильные глаголы образуют формы путем прибавления к основе глагола окончания - ed.

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