Read the title of the text and try to guess the subject of this kind of psychology

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Retell the text using the questions from exercise 1.

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Industrial and organizational psychology

Industrial and organizational psychology (I/O) is among the newest fields in psychology. Industrial psychology focuses on improving, evaluating, and predicting job performance while Organizational psychology focuses on how organizations impact and interact with individuals as well as how the individuals affect the organisational culture. In 1910, through the works and experiments of Hugo Munsterberg and Walter Dill Scott, Industrial Psychology became recognized as a legitimate part of the social science. Organizational Psychology was not officially added until the 1970s and since then, the field has flourished. The Society for Industrial Organizational Psychology has approximately 3400 professional members and 1900 student members. These two numbers combine to make up only about four percent of the members in the American Psychological Association but the number has been rising since 1939 when there were only one hundred professional I/O psychologists.

I/O psychologists are employed by academic institutions, consulting firms, internal human resources in industries, and governmental institutions. Various universities across the United States are beginning to strengthen their I/O psychology programs due to the increase of interest and job demand in the field.

Industrial and organizational psychologists look at questions regarding things such as who to hire, how to define and measure successful job performance, how to prepare people to be more successful in their jobs, how to create and change jobs so that they are safer and make people happier, and how to structure the organization to allow people to achieve their potential.

1. Answer the following questions:

1. What does industrial psychology focus on?

2. What does organizational psychology focus on?

3. When did industrial psychology become recognized as a legitimate part of the social science?

4. Where do I/O psychologists work?

5. What questions do industrial and organizational psychologists look at?

School psychology

School psychology is a field that applies principles of clinical psychology and educational psychology to the diagnosis and treatment of children's and adolescents' behavioral and learning problems. School psychologists are educated in psychology, education, child and adolescent development, child and adolescent psychopathology, learning theories, family and parenting practices, and personality theories.

Lightner Witmer, often called the 'father of school psychology', opened the first psychology clinic in the U.S. in 1896 at the University of Pennsylvania. Witmer's clinic provided services that combined educational and clinical interventions. Clinic staff treated children with psychoeducational difficulties by working directly with the children at the clinic, and also by consulting with educators at local schools.

The profession of school psychology in the U.S. grew tremendously following the passing of laws mandating compulsory schooling for children in the early 20th century. These laws led to a spurt in the number of children with physical and mental problems in schools who previously would have not attended school, and educators struggled to serve them. At that time, students who were very atypical were usually educated in separate facilities, and the need arose for experts to assist in this educational segregation. At around the same time, advances were made in educational measurement and test construction, leading to the development of standardized tests such as the Simon-Binet IQ test in France. Binet's test was brought to the United States in the early 1900s and was standardized in 1916 by Lewis Terman of Stanford University; today it is the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales. The primary role of school psychologists at that time was administering and interpreting standardized tests. Consulting with teachers and parents about children's learning, emotional, and behavioral difficulties and designing treatments were minor parts of their professional role.The majority of school psychologists, however, particularly those employed in schools, possess master's degrees or education specialist degrees. The National Association of School Psychologists was founded in 1969. It represents all school psychologists and is the largest and most influential professional school psychology organization.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. What is school psychology?

2. Who is called the 'father of school psychology'?

3. What was the role of school psychologists at that time?

4. The majority of school psychologists possess master's degrees or education specialist degrees, do not they?

5. When was the National Association of School Psychologists founded?

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