The use of the Present Perfect Continuous

Negative

Affirmative Interrogative

The formation of the Present Perfect Continuous.

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

THE PERFECT CONTINIOUS

Grammar Review

Write English equivalents

a. Власники малих фірм знають проблеми своїх працівників з щоденних розмов

b. Численні недоліки малих підприємств можна подолати за допомогою точного планування

c. Винагороди не автоматичні та не гарантовані

d. Малі підприємства часто не можуть подолати тягар оподаткування

1. The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the Present Perfect of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle I of the notional verb.

2. In the interrogative form the first auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the first auxiliary verb.

I have been working Have I been working?

He has been working Has he been working?

She has been working Has she been working?

We have been working Have we been working?

You have been working Have you been working?

They have been working Have they been working?

I have not been working

He has not been working

She has not been working

We have not been working

You have not been working

They have not been working

3. The contracted affirmative forms are:

I've been working

He's been working

You've been working

The contracted negative forms are:

I haven't been working

He hasn't been working

We haven't been working

4. The negative-interrogative forms are:

Has he not been working?

Hasn't he been working?

Have you not been working?

Haven't you been working?

We distinguish two uses of the Present Perfect Continuous: the Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive.

1. The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive is used to denote an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is still going on. The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive is generally used with since (denoting the starting point of the action), for (denoting the whole period of duration), these two days, etc. (If the conjunction since introduces a clause, the verb in this clause is in the Past Indefinite.)

I have been looking out for your white dress for the last ten minutes. (Bennett)

Ever since I saw you last 1 have been thinking, thinking. (Dreiser)

As has been stated above the Present Perfect Inclusive is used to denote an action which began, in the past, has been going on up to the present and is still going on with verbs not admitting of the Continuous form, in negative sentences and with certain on-terminative verbs. With verbs not admitting of the Continuous form the Present Perfect Inclusive is the only tense possible.

Note: In colloquial English the verbs to want and to wish are often to be found in the Perfect Continuous form, though, as stated above, they are not used in the Continuous form.

I have been wishing to speak to you ever since you returned. (Collins)

With verbs in the negative form the Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive can be used, but it is far less common than the Present Perfect Inclusive. With certain non-terminative verbs both the Present Perfect Inclusive and the Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive are used.

We have worked at the problem for several months. (The fact is emphasized.)

We have been working and working at the problem for months and I don't think we are likely to solve it. (Locke) (The process is emphasized.)

The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive is rendered in Russian by the present:

I have been teaching at this school for 20 years. Я преподаю в этой школе 20 лет.

2. The Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive denotes an action which was recently in progress but is no longer going on at the present moment,

You are not well today.

You look distressed.

You have been weeping. (Dickens)

The Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive is used to express repeated actions in the past.

How have you been spending your money?

I have been buying pictures. (Locke)

I have been getting letters from him.

The Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive is often used with an emotional colouring.

I suppose you have been telling lies again. (Marryat)

The Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive is rendered in Rus­sian by the past imperfective.

Your eyes are red. You have been crying. У вас покраснели глаза. Вы плакали.

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