Sequence of tenses

Grammar Review

IV. Choose the best alternative to complete the sentence

III. Match the words with their definitions

II. Find antonyms to these words

Oral Practice

I. Answer the questions:

1. How many legal forms are available to small firms?

2. What factors affect the decision to choose legal form of the business?

3. What are the legal requirements for starting a business as a sole proprietorship?

4. What is the proprietor solely responsible for?

5. What is a partnership agreement? What should it include?

6. What is the corporation?

7. What types of corporation exist?

8. Can you compare the legal forms of business for their advantages and disadvantages?

a) Markdown

b) Expensive

c) To pay attention

d) Profit

Layout, tax return commitment, monetary unit, markdown

1. A promise; something to which one has committed oneself which one is bound to do a payment which one is bound to make.

2. The standard unit if the currency of a country

3. The way the building and its contents are arranged. A drawing or diagram showing this

4. In Britain, a statement which every taxpayer must be law make once a year

5. A reduction in price usually to encourage a quick sale

1. A... provides a total visualization of the firm before operations are started

a) income statement

b) complete business plan

c) balance sheet

2. There are... steps in planning

a) 14

b) 25

c) 10

3. Determine what... you want from the business

a) Loss

b) Assets

c) Profit

4. The most important thing in planning a new small firm is that all... of its operations must be considered

a) Phases

b) Expenses

c) Liabilities

5. Supply the sentences with the missing words

1. No commitments contract should be undertaken without clear idea of... are possible over at least the... year of operation

2. Choose your... form of organisation

3. Review all aspects of your... plan

4. Establish an... of accounting records

5. Value in... should be attached to each assets

6. Combine these pairs of sentences with an appropriate connector

1. Sales have decreased. Profit have increased

2. We were making a loss. We withdrew from the market

3. The product sold well in the South. In the North, the result were disastrous

4. We promoted the product at the point of sale. Our competitors used mass advertising

7. Make up sentences with these words

1. Provides, before operations, a complete business plan, of the firm, a total visualisation

2. Must, determine, you, want, you, what profit, from the business

3. All aspects, review, of your, plan, merchandising

4. At the firm, a personnel policy, establish

1. The sequence of tenses is a certain dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal clause: if the verb in the principal clause is in one of the past tenses, a past tense (or future in the past) must be used in the subordinate clause. The rule is generally observed in object clauses

I thought you had better sense. (Dreiser) I always thought it would come to this.

Nоte — It is implied in the rule of the sequence of tenses that if a present or future tense is used in the principal clause, any tense required by the sense can be used in the subordinate clause:

I've seen which way the wind is blowing. (Dreiser)

2. If the past action expressed in the subordinate clause is simultaneous with that expressed in the principal clause, the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous is used in the subordinate clause:

I thought you had more courage than this. (Dreiser) Я думал, что у вас больше мужества.

Не looked at Cowperwood and saw at once... that the latter was preparing a big fight of some sort. (Dreiser) Он посмотрел на Каупервуда и сразу понял, что тот замышляет какой-то бой.

If the past action expressed in the subordinate clause is prior to that expressed in the principal clause, the Past Perfect is used in the subordinate clause:

He knew that she (Hetty) had not had time to read the letter. (Eliot) Он знал, что она еще не успела прочесть письмо.

If the action expressed in the subordinate clause lasted a certain time before the action expressed in the principal clause, the Past Perfect Continuous or the Past Perfect Inclusive is used in the subordinate clause.

He realized that the old life he had lived in that city since boyhood was ended. (Dreiser) Он понял, что та жизнь, которой он жил в этом городе с детства, окончилась.

If the action expressed in the subordinate clause is posterior to that of the principal clause the Future in the Past is used.

He knew they would read the book the following year. (Future Indefinite in-the-Past)

He knew they would have read the book by the 1-st of June. (Future Perfect in-the-Past)

Occasionally we find examples of should being used with the 3rd person and would with the 1st. This generally occurs when the speaker wants to preserve the same verb that was used by the original speaker.

See! Here's his writing; I made him put it down this morning when he told me he shouldn't be back before I came here. (Dickens)

He asked me if there wasn't any hope that I would change. (Webster)

3. If there are several subordinate clauses in a sentence, the rule of the sequence of tenses is observed in all of them.

As the weeks went by... he began to believe that she had been able to think of her girlish fancy that Arthur was in love with her and would marry her as a folly of which she was timely cured. (Eliot)

4. The rule of the sequence of tenses also holds good when a past tense is used in a subordinate clause to which other clauses are subordinated.

She says he knew they would never return. (Bennett) He said he was sure you were in.

5. It should be noted that the rule of the sequence of tenses is observed after verbals if they depend on a finite verb in the past tense:

Cowperwood stood by his desk... wondering where he should get one hundred thousand dollars. (Dreiser)

6. In Russian, the tense of the verb in the subordinate clause does not depend on the tense of the verb in the principal clause.

TENSES USED IN ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN SUBORDINATE CLAUSES AFTER A PAST TENSE IN THE PRINCIPAL CLAUSE

ENGLISH RUSSIAN

I knew she played the piano every day. Я знав, що вона грає (грала) на роялі кожен день.

7. The main sphere where the sequence of tenses, is applied is object clauses.

Harris said he knew what kind of place I meant. (Jerome)

The sequence of tenses is not observed if the object clause expresses a general truth:

The pupils knew that water consists of oxygen and hydrogen.

In political language a present tense is often used in the object clause after a past tense in the principal clause.

The speaker said that the peoples want peace.

The sequence of tenses is often not observed if something is represented as habitual, customary, or characteristic.

He asked the guard what time the train usually starts. (Curme) He did not seem to know that nettles sting. (Curme)

8. In conventional direct speech the tenses are used accord­ing to the same principle which governs their uses in complex sentences with a principal clause and an object clause, though there is no principal clause.

She put her hands up to her ears; it was because there were some thin gold rings in them, which were also worth a little money. Yes, she ccmld surely get some money for her ornaments. The landlord and landlady had been good to her; perhaps they would help her to get the money for these things. But this money would not keep her long; what should she do when it was gone? (Eliot)

9. The sequence of tenses does not concern attributive rela­tive clauses and adverbial clauses of cause, result, comparison, and concession (if the verb stands in the Indicative Mood).

I didn't go out of the shop door, but at the back door, which opens into a narrow alley. (Eliot)

He didn't go to the cinema last night because he will have an exam tomorrow.

She worked so much yesterday that she Is feeling quite weak today.

Last year he worked more than he does this year.

He insisted on going to the library yesterday, though he will not want the book to-day.

10. The sequence of tenses is generally observed in subject clauses and predicative clauses:

What he would do was of no importance. The question was what he would do next.

It is also observed in appositive attributive clauses:

She had a sickening sense that life would go on in this way. (Eliot)

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