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VIII. Look through the passages from A to E which contain examples of inadequate ways of thinking and match them with the titles




VII. Speak out about thinking as a process of cognition.

VI. Make up sentences from the following words and word combinations.

V. Complete the sentences.

IV. Find English equivalents in the text

II. Answer the question expressing your own opinion. (no less that 10 sentences).

What kind of problems do you have to solve?

 

III. GiveRussian equivalents of the following.

Solve acute and urgent tasks; eloquent proof; hidden things; penetrate deeper and deeper; unknown properties of objects; old store of knowledge; make dis­covery; socially-conditioned mental process of search; mediated and general­ized reflection of reality; cognitive activity; be directly linked to; overstep the limits of sensuous knowledge; contemporary physics; elementary particles; be crucial for; inner speech, think aloud or silently.

 

Решать острые и злободневные проблемы; окружающий мир; неожиданные трудности; красноречивое доказательство; тренировать человеческий ум; неизвестные свойства объектов; старый багаж знаний; вселенная бесконечна; делать открытия; социально-обусловленный мыслительный процесс; опосредованное и обобщенное отражение действительности; познавательная активность (деятельность); быть непосредственно связанным; выходить за рамки чувственного восприятия; элементарные частицы; внутренняя речь; думать вслух или про себя.

1.Man's whole life consists....

2.Unexpected difficulties and problems exercise....

3.Thinking is born of man's need to....

4.The Universe is infinite, just as....

5.While thinking, every individual makes....

6.Cognitive activity starting from....

7.Thinking is directly linked to....

8.One of the basic distinctions between the human and animal psyche is ....

9. Some pupils and even adults cannot solve their problems....

10. The so-called inner speech is....

 

1.Consists in; tasks and problems; solving; man's whole life; in; acute and urgent.

2.Is born; to understand; thinking; of; new; properties of objects; man's need; objects; unknown.

3.Cognition; is infinite; just as; the Universe; its; the process of.

4.Discoveries; every; while thinking; makes; individual.

5.Thinking; starting; sensations and perceptions; cognitive activity; from; to; passes on.

6.The outer world; thinking; and; is directly linked to; is; its reflection.

7.Thinking; oversteps; the process; the limits of; sensuous knowledge; of.

8.The; thinking of; is only concerned with; primitive; animals; perceivable objects; immediately.

9.Cannot; solve their problems; thinking about; some people; without.

Social Pressure. Drawing Wrong Conclusions. Inability to Use Symbols. Rigid Thinking. Magical Thinking.

A. This kind of a thinking pattern occurs when a solution (решение) to a problem is thought about in an either or manner. Statements such as "You either can do it my way or not at all" and "There are only two possible solutions to this question" reflect such a pattern. People who come from background (социальная Среда) where everything is evaluated in terms of right or wrong, black or white, good or bad usually have difficulties in problem solving. As a result they fail to evaluate the many alternatives present in any complex problem.

B. Many people come from backgrounds where thinking occured in a mystical way. The reasons for a certain difficulty were attributed to the position of the stars or the phases of the Moon. The fact that a person is continually plagued (мучиться) with problems results from his being born on a certain day or at a particular hour. There are those who have been lead to believe that only certain people can help you solve a problem, those gifted (одаренные) which certain magic powers (силы).

C. Some people have never been given opportunity to think long enough about a situation to reach an accurate conclusion. Their analysis of situation is incomplete; they do not collect the necessary information. Some parent demand (требовать) of their children that they make their decision immediately. They indirectly teach the child not to tolerate (терпеть) an indecisive moment or ambiguous (двусмысленный) situation. Thus the child never gets any practice in finding out what the factors are in making a decision.

D. Some families encourage (поощрять) their children to think like everyone else or to accept what they are told and what they are given to read without question. After their early years those so trained (наученные таким образом) tend to accept ideas automatically from their peer (ровесники) group and from political groups.

E. People who are familiar with and who can manipulate signs (знак) are likely to think more effectively. One of the reasons that school is such a necessary part of everyone's experience is that in school we learn how to use words and to think about ideas and concepts. Students often feel that they are learning little from school because they forget many of the specific facts to which they are exposed. However a more important goal of education involves the learning of tools (средства) and techniques (these would include the use of words and concepts) through which one can learn to think more effectively in order to solve problems later in life.




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