Practice. Remember that we use the present perfect to describe an action that can still happen

Remember that we use the present perfect to describe an action that can still happen

She has starred in a lot of major films. (She’s still alive and acting)

She starred in a lot of major films. (Her acting career is finished or she’s dead)

So, the simple past tense is used for an action whose time is not given but which occurred at a moment in a period of time now terminated.

My grandmother once saw Queen Victoria.

Did you ever hear Maria Callas sing?

5 Expectation and reality: we use a past tense to refer to a belief that has just been shown to be true or false:

It’s not as big as I expected.

You are older than I thought.

But you promised!

Remember the following expressions:

Что Вы сказали? What did you say?

Теперь я понял Now I understand.

Я не слышал Вашего вопроса I didn’t hear your question.

Мне сказали, что он в Лондоне. I’m told that he is in London.

Я слышал, что он в Москве. I hear that he is in Moscow.

6 You sometimes use a past tense rather than a present tense when you want to be more polite. For example, in the following pairs of sentences, the second one is more polite.

Do you want to see me now?

Did you want to see me now?

I wonder if you can help me.

I was wondering if you could help me.

Ex. 62 Explain the use of the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite in the following questions:

1. Why hasn't he let us know where he is? It simply isn't like him. 2. Why did you give your son that kind of education then? 3. "What time is it?" "Almost nine o'clock." "Damn," he swore. "Why didn't someone wake me?" 4. When did the tragedy occur? 5. "What's happened?" he thought. "How did they get here?" 6. "I'm going to see Mr Warren," she said. "He's in St Joseph's Hospital." Her father turned from the TV. "What happened to him?" "He had an accident. He says it's nothing serious." 7. Where's my hat? Where did I leave my hat? 8. "And I've got a bit of money. We could get ourselves a nice flat." "Where did you get the money from?"9. "Miss Drake," he said later. "How long have you known Roger?" "Nearly a year. He's told me a lot about you." "What did he say?" 10. "How long were you in hospital with that wound?" she asked. 11. "Well, this is a hell of a mess you have got into. I don't wonder you are upset." "How did you find out?" 12. Then I thought of the other summer and of Laura. "How long did Laura stay there altogether?" 13. As Rosemary entered her room, her mother called to her: "Where have you been?" 14. When did she leave for a swim? 15. You seem to know a lot about your neighbours. How long have you lived here?

Ex. 63 Explain the use of the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite in the following sentences containing an indication of a period of time:

l."I hear you went to the dentist this morning." "Yes. I had three teeth filled." 2. He laughed. "My," said Peggy, very pleased, "you got off the right side of the bed this morning, didn't you?" 3. That man was here again this afternoon, asking for you. 4. "Where is my brother?" "He's not been in all afternoon." 5. At Corfu you find people playing cricket. Watching them you remember that Corfu was under British rule for fifty years and cricket, obviously, is a heritage of those days. 6. "Mr Ferrier wishes to speak to you on the telephone, Sir," she said. "He has called up three times this morning." 7. "What's going on here?" Mel sighed: "We've had a storm for three days. It's created emergency situations." 8. "Have you seen Mary this morning?" she asked the boy as she gave him his morning milk. "No. She is sick." "How do you know?" "She didn't come out of her room." 9. "I used to know the Pimleys. But I haven't seen them for years," he said. 10. When they were strolling along the beach, Wilmott said to the doctor: "Do you know, I was surprised to hear you quote poetry this evening." 11.I was an officer in the Territorials myself for a few years. I had to give it up for health reasons. 12.I've had a rather nasty pain in my knee at times lately. It caught me this morning in a devilish fashion. 13.She drew down his head and pressed her cheek to his. "I say, your cheek is like a grater! You have not shaved today." 14. "When did she bring it here?" "She left it on the door-step today."

Ex. 64 Use the Present Perfect or the Past Indefinite in the following sentences which contain an indication of a period of time:

1. "Listen," he said, "my father (to fight) for four years in the last war." 2.I (to meet) your boy-friend and {to have) a long talk with him today. 3. "Don't go, Philip," said his mother. "I scarcely (to see) you today." 4. "Good morning, Mother," he said kissing the top of her head, "you (to sleep) late this morning." 5.I was at school with Alec. Then we (not to see) each other for years. 6.I (to have) coffee with a friend of yours at the Union today. 7. I'm taking my wife out tonight. She (not to have) any fun for a long time. 8. "Has Meggie eaten her tea?" "No. Not a bite. Nor dinner either." "Why, this is awful. The child (not to have) a bite all day." 9. Unsmiling she (to regard) him steadily for a long time. He then stopped walking about and looked equally steadily at her. 10.I dare say you (not to have) a night's sleep or a proper meal this week. 11. Entering her bedroom her mother said: "Pat, dear, aren't you well? Don't you think that a cup of tea would be nice? We (to have) the first strawberries this morning." 12. "You (to see) Father this afternoon?" she asked coming in from the garden. 13. You are just in time to hear a nice bit of news. Our neighbour is engaged to be married. He (to bring) me the news himself this morning. 14. "I'm sorry I'm late," he said. "Everything (to seem) to hold me up this evening."

Ex. 65 The present perfect and the simple past:

(a) Fill the spaces by repeating the auxiliary used in the question, putting it into the negative where necessary.

Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or the simple past tense.

e.g: Have you seen that play?

(a) Yes, I have.

(b) Yes, I (be) there last night.

Yes, I was there last night.

1 Have you wound the clock?

(a) Yes, I...

(b) Yes, I (wind) it on Monday

2 Have you ever eaten snails?

(a) No, I...

(b) Yes, I (eat) some at Tom's party last week.

3 Have they repaired the road?

(a) No, they...

(b) They only (repair) part of it so far.

4 Have they done their homework?

(a) Yes, they (do) it all.

(b) Yes, they (do) it before they left school.

5 Have you been to the opera this week?

(a) Yes, I...

(b) Yes, I (go) to Faust on Friday.

6 Have you found the matches?

(a) No, I...

(b) No, I (not find) them yet.

7 Have you seen him lately?

(a) No, I...

(b) No, I (not see) him since Christmas.

8 Have you been here before?

(a) No, I...

(b) Yes, I (be) here several times.

Ex. 66 Make up situations to justify the use of the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite in the following pairs of sentences containing an indication of a period of time:

1. I haven't read the paper this morning. I didn't read the paper this morning. 2. We haven't seen them for years. We didn't see them for years. 3. He hasn't gone to bed for two days. He didn't go to bed for two days. 4. He has been a teacher for ten years. He was a teacher for ten years. 5. I've had a letter from him today. I had a letter from him today. 6.Have you seen him this afternoon? Did you see him this afternoon? 7. We haven't corresponded for months. We didn't correspond for months. 8. He has called me up from London three times this week. He called me up from London three times this week. 9. I've met them both this afternoon. I met them both this afternoon.

Ex. 67 Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the simple past tense. In some sentences the present perfect continuous is also possible:

1 This is my house. - How long you (live) here? - I (live) here since 1970. 2 He (live) in London for two years and then (go) to Edinburgh. 3 You (wear) your hair long when you were at school? - Yes, my mother (insist) on it. 4 But when I (leave) school I (cut) my hair and (wear) it short ever since. 5 Shakespeare (write) a lot of plays.6 My brother (write) several plays. He just (finish) his second tragedy. 7 I (fly) over Loch Ness last week. -You (see) the Loch Ness monster? 8 I (not see) him for three years. I wonder where he is. 9 He (not smoke) for two weeks. He is trying to give it up. 10 Chopin (compose) some of his music in Majorca. 11 When he (arrive)? - He (arrive) at 2.00. 12 You (lock) the door before you left the house? 13 I (read) his books when I was at school. I (enjoy) them very much. 14 I can't go out because I (not finish) my work. 15 I never (drink) whisky. - Well, have some now. 16 I (write) the letter but I can't find a stamp. 17 The clock is slow. - It isn't slow, it (stop). 18 Here are your shoes; I just (clean) them. 19 I (leave) home at 8.00 and (get) here at twelve. 20 I (do) this sort of work when I (be) an apprentice. 21 He just (go) out. 22 He (go) out ten minutes ago. 23 You (have) breakfast yet? - Yes, I (have) it at 8.00. 24 I (meet) him last June. 25 You (see) the moon last night? 26 The concert (begin) at 2.30 and (last) for two hours. Everyone (enjoy) it very much. 27 The play just (begin). You are a little late. 28 The newspaper (come)? - Yes, Ann is reading it. 29 The actors (arrive) yesterday and (start) rehearsals early this morning. 30 It (be) very cold this year. I wonder when it is going to get warmer. 31 Cervantes (write) Don Quixote. 32 We (miss) the bus. Now we'll have to walk. 33 He (break) his leg in a skiing accident last year. 34 Mr. Pound is the bank manager. He (be) here for five years. 35 Mr Count (work) as a cashier for twenty-five years. Then he (retire) and (go) to live in the country.36 You (be) here before? - Yes, I (spend) my holidays here last year. - You (have) a good time? - No, it never (stop) raining.

Ex. 68 Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or simple past tense:

1 Where is Tom?- I (not see) him today, but he (tell) Mary that he'd be in for dinner. 2 I (buy) this in Bond Street. -How much you (pay) for it? - I (pay) Ј100. 3 Where you (find) this knife? -I (find) it in the garden. -Why you (not leave) it there?4 I (lose) my black gloves. You (see) them anywhere? - No, I'm afraid 1.... When you last (wear) them? - I (wear) them at the theatre last night. - Perhaps you (leave) them at the theatre. 5 Do you know that lady who just (leave) the shop? - Yes, that is Miss Thrift. Is she a customer of yours? - Not exactly. She (be) in here several times but she never (buy) anything. 6 He (leave) the house at 8.00. - Where he (go)? - I (not see) where he (go). 7 He (serve) in the First World War. - When that war (begin)? - It (begin) in 1914 and (last) for four years. 8 Who you (vote) for at the last election? - I (vote) for Mr Pitt. - He (not be) elected, (be) he? - No, he (lose) his deposit.9 You (like) your last job? - I (like) it at first but then I (quarrel) with my employer and he (dismiss) me. - How long you (be) there? - I (be) there for two weeks. 10 I (not know) that you (know) Mrs Pitt. How long you (know) her? - I (know) her for ten years. 11 That is Mr Minus, who teaches me mathematics, but he (not have) time to teach me much. I only (be) in his class for a week. 12 You (hear) his speech on the radio last night? - Yes, I... - What you (think) of it? 13 I (not know) that you (be) here. You (be) here long? - Yes, I (be) here two months. - You (be) to the Cathedral? - Yes, I (go) there last Sunday. 14 You ever (try) to give up smoking? - Yes, I (try) last year, but then I (find) that I was getting fat so I (start) again. 15 You (see) today's paper? - No, anything interesting (happen)? Yes, two convicted murderers (escape) from the prison down the road. 16 Mary (feed) the cat? - Yes, she (feed) him before lunch. - What she (give) him? - She (give) him some fish 17 How long you (know) your new assistant? - I (know) him for two years. - What he (do) before he (come) here? - I think he (be) in prison. 18 I (not see) your aunt recently. - No. She (not be) out of her house since she (buy) her colour TV.19 The plumber(be)here yet? - Yes, but he only (stay) for an hour. - What he (do) in that time? - He (turn) off the water and (empty) the tank. 20 Where you (be)? I (be) out in a yacht. - You (enjoy) it? - Yes, very much. We (take) part in a race. - You (win)? - No, we (come) in last. 21 How long that horrible monument (be) there? - It (be) there six months. Lots of people (write) to the Town Council asking them to take it away but so far nothing (be) done. 22 I just (be) to the film War and Peace. You (see) it? - No, 1.... Is it like the book? - I (not read) the book. - I (read) it when I (be) at school. - When Tolstoy (write) it? - He (write) it in 1868. - He (write) anything else? 23 Hannibal (bring) elephants across the Alps. - Why he (do) that? - He (want) to use them in battle. 24 Where you (be)? - I (be) to the dentist. - He (take) out your bad tooth? - Yes, he... - It (hurt)?- Yes, horribly. 25 She (say) that she'd phone me this morning, but it is now 12.30 and she (not phone) yet. 26 I just (receive) a letter saying that we (not pay) this quarter's electricity bill. I (not give) you the money for that last week? - Yes, you... but I'm afraid I (spend) it on something else. 27 How long you (be) out of work? - I'm not out of work now. I just (start) a new job. - How you (find) the job? -I (answer) an advertisement in the paper. 28 You (finish) checking the accounts? - No, not quite. I (do) about half so far. 29 I (cut) my hand rather badly. Have you a bandage? - I'll get you one. How it (happen)? - I was chopping some wood and the axe (slip). 30 How you (get) that scar? - I (get) it in a car accident a year ago. 31 You (meet) my brother at the lecture yesterday? - Yes, I.... We (have) coffee together afterwards. 32 He (lose) his job last month and since then he (be) out of work. - Why he (lose) his job? - He (be) very rude to Mr Pitt. 33 What are all those people looking at? - There (be) an accident. - You (see) what (happen)? - Yes, a motor cycle (run) into a lorry. 34 I (phone) you twice yesterday and (get) no answer. 35 Originally horses used in bull fights (not wear) any protection, but for some time now they (wear) special padding, 36 That house (be) empty for a year. But they just (take) down the 'For Sale' sign, so I suppose someone (buy) it.

Ex. 69 Put the verbs in brackets into the: present perfect or simple past. (In some cases the present perfect continuous is possible)

1 Paul: I (play) football since I was five years old. Tom: You (play) since you (come) to England? Paul: Oh yes. I (play) quite a lot. I (join) a club the day after I (arrive). 2 Tom: You (play) any matches? Paul: We (play) about ten. We have two more to play. We (have) a very good season, we (win) all our matches so far, though we (not really deserve) to win the last one. 3 Tom: I (play) football when I (be) at school but when I (leave) school I (drop) it and (take) up golf. 4 Ann: Hello, Jack! I (not see) you for ages! Where you (be)? Jack: I (be) in Switzerland. I (mean) to send you a postcard but I (not have) your address with me. Ann: Never mind. You (have) a good time in Switzerland? How long you (be) there? Jack: I (be) there for a month. I only just (get) back. Yes, I (enjoy) it thoroughly. I (ski) all day and (dance) all night. 5 Ann: I (ski) when I (be) at the university, but I (break) a leg five years ago and since then I (not do) any. 6 When I first (come) to this house, it (be) a very quiet area. But since then a new housing estate (be) built and it (become) very noisy. 7 My son (not start) work yet. He's still at the High School. - How long he (be) at school? - He (be) at the High School for six years; before that he (spend) five years at the Primary School in Windmill Street. 8 I just (hear) that Peter is in Australia. - Oh, you (not know)? He (fly) out at the beginning of the month. - You (hear) from him? Does he like the life? - Yes, I (get) a letter last week. He (tell) me about his job. But he (not say) whether he (like) the life or not. Perhaps it's too soon to say. He only (be) there three weeks. 9 I (not know) you (be) left-handed. - I'm not left-handed; but my oil-heater (explode) yesterday and I (burn) my right hand, so I have to use my left. 10 This bicycle (be) in our family for fourteen years. My father (use) it for the first five years, my brother (ride) it for the next five, and I (have) it for the last four. 11 I hear that your MP, Mr Simpson, (make) a very clever speech last night. How long he (be) your MP?- Oh, we only (have) him since January. His predecessor Mr Alien (resign) suddenly because of ill-health and there (be) a by-election. 12 I hear that Mr Jones (leave). - Yes, he (leave) last week. - Anybody (be) appointed to take his place? - I believe several men (apply) for the job but so far nothing (be) decided. 13 Peter (meeting Ann at the airport): Hello, Ann. You (have) a good trip? Ann: The actual flight (be) lovely, one of the best I (have) ever, but it (take) ages to get into the plane. First they (think) that one of us (be) a hijacker and they (search) us all for firearms; then they (announce) that one of the engines (be) faulty. We finally (take off) an hour later. 14 Peter: How you (spend) this extra hour before take-off)? Ann: Oh, they (take) us to the restaurant and (feed) us and we (walk) about and (buy) things we (not need). The time (pass) all right. 15 You (book) your hotel room yet?- Well, I (write) to the hotel last week but they (not answer) yet. 16 Peter (meeting Paul unexpectedly in London): Hello, Paul! I (not know) you (be) here. Paul: Oh, I (be) here nearly two months. I (arrive) on the 6th of January. 17 Peter: When we last (meet) you (say) that nothing would induce you to come to England. What (make) you change your mind? Paul: I (find) that I (need) English for my work and this (seem) the quickest way of learning it. 18 Peter: You (know) any English when you first (arrive) here? Paul: No, I (not know) a word. 19 Ann (to Yvonne, who is going to English classes): How long you (learn) English? Yvonne: I (learn) off and on for about five and a half years. (Use the continuous form.) 20 I (begin) English at secondary school and (do) it for three years. Then I (drop) it for a year and (forget) most of it. Then I (spend) two years at a secretarial college, where I (study) commercial English, and for the last six months I (study) in London. 21 At 4 p.m. my neighbour (ring) up and (say), 1s Tom with you?' Tom, her son, (spend) most of his time in my garden playing with my children, so whenever she (not be able) to find him she (ring) me. I'm afraid I (not see) him today,' I (say). 'But my children (go) to the beach this morning and (not come) back yet. Perhaps he (go) with them.' 22 I just (have) my first driving lesson. - How it (go)? You (enjoy) it? - Well, I not actually (hit) anything but I (make) every other possible mistake. 23 Old Ben (sell) newspapers just inside the station entrance, and my father always (buy) his evening paper from him as he (leave) the station on his way home. But one day my father (arrive) home without his paper. 'Ben (not be) there this evening,' he (say). 'I hope he (not be taken) ill.' 24 On Saturday afternoon I (see) Frederick sitting in his garden. 'I (think) you (work) on Saturdays,' I (say). 'I (work) this morning,' (explain) Frederick, 'but at lunch time the boss (go) off to play golf and (tell) us all to go home. It's about time he (give) us a whole Saturday off actually. I (work) practically even Saturday since the beginning of the year.' 25 Ann: You (be) to Hampton Court? Jane: Yes, I (go) there last week. The tulips (be) wonderful. Ann: You (go) by car? Jane: No, I (go) with my English class. We (hire) a coach. 26 Ann: Where else you (be) to since you (come) to England? Jane: Oh, I (be) to Stratford and Coventry and Oxford and Canterbury. 27 Ann: You (see) a lot. When you (go) to Stratford? Jane: I (go) last week. The people I work for (take) me. 28 Ann: You (see) a play at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre when you (be) at Stratford? Jane: Yes, we (see) Macbeth. We were very lucky. We just (walk) in and (ask) if they (have) any returned tickets, and the girl at the box office (say), 'Yes, a man just (return) three stalls.' 29 Ann: You (be) to Wales? Jane: No, I (be) to Scotland but I (not be) to Wales. I'd like to go. 30 Peter: You (see) any good films lately? Ann: Yes, I (go) to the National Film Theatre last week and (see) a Japanese film. Peter: You (like) it? Ann: Yes, I (love) it, but of course I (not understand) a word. 31 Tom: I hear that Mr Benson just (die). You (know) him quite well, didn't you? Jack: Yes. We (work) for the same company for ten years. I (not see) so much of him after he (leave) the company but we (keep) in touch 32 Ann (think) the garage (be) empty, and (turn) off the lights. 'Hey!' (shout) Paul from under the car. I'm sorry, Paul,' (say) Ann, I (not know) you (be) there.' 33 Father: Tom (not come) back yet? Mother: Yes, he (come) in an hour ago. He (go) straight to bed. Father: Funny. I (not hear) him. 34 Paul: That's a live wire. It just (give) me a shock! Ann: Nonsense! I just (touch) it and I (not feel) anything! 35 When Paul (come) into the room, Ann was sitting in an armchair just behind the door. Paul, not noticing Ann, (go) to the window and (look) out. Ann (cough) and Paul (spin) round. 'Hello, Ann!' he (exclaim), 'I (not see) you!' 36 Jack: You just (agree) to go, so why aren't you getting ready? Peter: But I (not realize) that you (want) me to start at once!

Ex. 70 Use Present Perfect or the Past Indefinite in the following sentences:

1.I never (to see) anyone more beautiful than your wife. 2.I (to meet) your husband this afternoon at Green Street. 3. He said, "You (to meet) this passenger. He calls himself Major Jones." "I (to speak) to him." 4. "I (to get) hold of some money — enough for Tony to go off for a couple of years." "You (to raise) all that money by doing your own housework?" "No, of course not." "Milly, what you (to be) up to? What you (to do)?" "I (to sell) the house." "But what's Tony going to say? You (to tell) him?" "Why should he care? He's young." "Why you (not to tell) him?" 5.I said, "Mr Jones (to be) arrested by the police." "My goodness. You don't say. What he (to do)?" "He necessarily (not to do) anything." "He (to see) a lawyer?" "That's not possible here. The police wouldn't allow it." 6. "You (to hear) the news?" "What news?" "About Ted and Dave. They (to be) out on the roof last night and Ted (to slip) and Dave (to try) to hold him but he couldn't and (to be) pulled off too. They're both in hospital with concussion and their people (to be) sent for." 7.I understand you (to have) an unpleasant experience at the week-end? What (to happen) exactly? 8. You remember the coin you (to find) in the pool? 9. "Mr Dillon (to arrive), Kate." "Oh, good. You (to find) your way all right then, Mr Dillon? I (not to hear) you ring the bell." "I couldn't find the bell, so I (to knock) instead." 10. He (to light) a cigarette and (to walk) to the window. 11. "Can we get dinner here?" "Of course we can. Have you got enough money? I (to spend) my last dollar on the taxi." 12. You (to say) just now that time (to be) everything. What you (to mean) by that? 13.As we got into the taxi my brother asked, "Well, you (to speak) to Harry?" "I (to speak) to him for a moment." 14. "Hallo," the little girl said to her mother and looked at her companion. "Come and say 'How do you do' to Mr Ogden." "I (to see) him already." "You can't have done, dear. He only just (to arrive) here." "I (to see) him in the hall this afternoon." "I'm sure you didn't. You (to see) my little daughter yet, Mr Ogden?" "I don't think we (to meet) before," said Mr Ogden. 15. "I remember you (to have) three funny little freckles on your nose," he said, "but they (to disappear)." 16.I think I'd better go now. I (to act) wrongly and I in a way (to deceive) you. I'm sorry. 17. "You (to read) 'Winnie the Pooh' by A. A. Milne?" "Yes." "And how you (to like) it?" "Very much indeed." 18.She (to come) into the room and (to lean) over her father's chair and (to kiss) his cheek. "You (to have) a good trip?" 19. You (not to hear) what the pilot (to say)? 20. At school I (to be) never good at languages, but here I (to pick) up a bit of French. 21. "Good night. It (to be) nice to meet you," he (to say) and (to go) off to his car. 22."Poor girl," said Renny looking after her. "Don't pity her! She (to have) her happiness. We all pay for that." "You (to have) yours?" "I (to have) my share." "You (to pay) for it? " "Twice over." 23. Well, I know what you (to be) through. 24. "Then what (to happen) to you there?" "Let's forget it. Even now I can't believe I (to do) it."

Ex. 71 Use the Present Perfect or the Past Indefinite in questions in the following text:

— Are you a soldier by profession? - Yes. — How long you (to be) in the army? — Twenty-five years. — When you (to join) the army? - In 1932. - Where you (to serve) during the war? First on the territory of Ukraine, then in the Far East. You (to see) much fighting in Ukraine? A good deal. — How long you (to remain) there? For over a year. Why you (to be) sent to the Far East? - I (to be) wounded. What sort of wound it (to be)? - A bullet through the shoulder. How many times you (to be) wounded during the war? - Three times. They (to be) serious wounds? Rather. When you (to be) wounded the last time? In 1945. How you (to feel) since the army? Not very strong. Why you (not to leave) the army? I can't imagine my life outside the army. Where you (to serve) lately? In the Caucasus mostly. The climate there suits my health.

Ex. 72 Use the Present Perfect or the Past Indefinite in the following questions:

1. "I'll drink tea from this tin mug." "Wherever you (to find) it?" 2. "What you (to hear)?" she demanded. "A farmer tells me he saw your brother walking back to the town." "Why he (not to tell) us?" "He thought we knew." 3.The parrot screamed a few words in Hindi. "Where he (to learn) that?" my aunt asked me. 4. He showed her inside the house. "Oh, how lovely!" she exclaimed. "I had no idea it would be so lovely. Why you (not to tell) us? And you (to do) it all by yourself?" "Yes." "How you (to manage) it? It's so tidy. And the new tea-set! When you (to buy) it?" 5. When Renny came in, his grandmother asked him: "Where you (to be) all day?" 6. "What sort of time you (to have) in France?" "A lot of things happened there." 7. "Everyone in the village will talk about it." "How this affair (to begin)?" 8. "How many children you (to teach) in that other family?" the girl asked her new governess. "Not many. Just one girl." "How long you (to stay) with her?" 9. Then my mother asked me: "Why you (to go) to the post-office today?"

Ex. 73 Translate the following into English concentrating on the use of the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite in sentences containing an indication of a period of time:

1. «Вы не можете мне сказать, уехала ли мисс Смит лондонским поездом сегодня утром?» — спросил он у начальника станции. — «Нет. Она опоздала на него». 2. Они проговорили около двух часов, и затем он сказал, что ему надо повидать кое-кого из друзей. 3. Его мать умерла. Она долго работала учительницей. 4. Послушай-ка, Джон, твоя хозяйка говорит, что ты сегодня лежишь целый день в постели. Это ведь не годится, правда? 5. Она удивилась, увидев его. «Разве ты не получил мое пись мо?» — «Твое письмо? Нет». — «Да, конечно, ты еще не мог его получить. Я забыла. Оно было отправлено только сегодня утром». 6. Она резко повернулась к мужу и сказала: «Я отгоню машину домой». — «Но ведь ты не водила машину много месяцев», — возразил он. — «Я еще не забыла, как это делается». 7. Мы все трое пошли вместе по улице. В течение некоторого времени все молчали. 8. «Дядя Том приезжает, — объявила Мег. — Мама получила от него письмо сегодня утром». 9. На этой неделе у меня едва было время, чтобы просмотреть газету. 10. «Тебе следует пойти навестить Вилли, — сказала она. — Ты не видел его три недели. Вы поссорились?» 11. Они долго сидели рядом. Джек первым нарушил молчание.

Ex. 74 Make up situations to justify the use of the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite in the following pairs of sentences:

1.I left the car outside the gate.

I've left the car outside the gate.

2.We've settled everything.

We settled everything.

3. You behaved like a courageous man.

You have behaved like a courageous man.

4. The children have taken their toys to the library.

The children took their toys to the library.

5.I taught little children.

I've taught little children.

6.I hurt my ankle.

I've hurt my ankle.

7. I had a letter from home.

I've had a letter from home.

8. Have you spoken to him?

Did you speak to him?

9. We've been engaged for nearly two years.

We wеге engaged for nearly two years.

10. He has brought his collection of stamps.

He brought his collection of stamps.

Ex. 75 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: present perfect or simple past:

1 I (buy) a new house last year, but I (not sell) my old house yet, so at the moment I have two houses. 2 When Ann (be) on her way to the station it (begin) to rain. Ann (run) back to her flat for her umbrella, but this (make) her late for her train. 3 She (catch) the next train but it (not get) in till 9.00, so she (arrive) at her office ten minutes late. 4 Her boss (look) up as she (come) in. 'You (be) late every morning this week,' he (growl). 5 At 7 a.m. Charles (ring) Peter and (say), 'I'm going fishing, Peter. Would you like to come?' 'But it's so early,' (say) Peter. I (not have) breakfast yet. Why you (not tell) me last night?' 6 Tom (meet) Paul at lunch time and (say), I (not see) you at the bus stop this morning. You (miss) the bus?' 'I (not miss) it,' (reply) Paul. I (not miss) a bus for years. But this morning George (give) me a lift. ' 7 Ann (go) to Canada six months ago. She (work) in Canada for a while and then (go) to the United States. 8 Mary (be) in Japan for two years. She is working there and likes it very much. - How she (go)? - She (go) by air. 9 When I (buy) my new house I (ask) for a telephone. The Post Office (tell) me to wait, but I (wait) a year now and my phone still (not come). 10 Bill usually has breakfast at 8.00. Yesterday at 8.30 Peter (meet) Bill and (offer) him an apple. 'No, thanks,' (say) Bill. I just (have) breakfast.' 11 Just as Ann (arrive) at the airfield a plane (land) and a girl (climb) out. To her surprise Ann (recognize) her cousin, Lucy. 'Hello, Lucy,' she (exclaim). I (not know) that you (know) how to fly a plane.' 'I only just (learn),' (say) Lucy. 'I (go) solo for the first time last week.' 12 Peter (try) to come in quietly but his mother (hear) him and (call) out, 'Where you (be)? Your supper (be) in the oven for an hour.' 13 You (be) to the theatre lately? - Yes, I (go) to Othello last week. - You (like) it?- Yes, but I (not see) very well. I (be) right at the back 14 Ann (coming out of a bookshop): I just (buy) a copy of David Copperfield. You (read) it? Mary: As it happens it is the only one of Dickens's books that I (not read). I (not even see) the film. 15 You (be) to Cambridge? - Yes, I (be) there last month. - How you (get) there? - My brother (take) me in his car. 16 You (see) Philip lately? I (ring) his flat several times last week but (get) no answer. - Oh, he (be) in America for the last month. He (fly) out on the first a conference and then (decide) to stay for six weeks. - You (hear) from him? - Yes, I (get) a letter shortly after he (arrive). 17 How long you (be) in your present job? - I (be) there for six months. - And what you (do) before that? - Before that I (work) for Jones and Company. 18 How long you (work) for Jones and Company? - I (work) for them for two years. - You (like) working for them? - No, I (not like) it at all. - Then why you (stay) so long? 19 We usually go out on Saturday evenings, but last Saturday (be) so wet that we (stay) in and (play) cards. - What you (play)? - We (play) poker. I (lose) fifty pence. 20 When you (begin) school? - I (begin) school when I (be) five. I (go) to a primary school first. I (stay) there for six years and then I (go) to a comprehensive school 21 When I (be) seventeen I (start) my university course. - When you (get) your degree? - Oh, I (not get) my degree yet; I'm still at the university. I only (be) there for two years. 22 Tom (leave) the house at 8.20. At 8.25 the phone in Tom's house (ring), Tom's wife, Mary, (answer) it. 'Could I speak to Tom, please?' (say) the caller. 'I'm afraid he just (go) out', (say) Mary. 23 You (be) to Cornwall? - Yes, I (be) there last Easter. - You (go) by train? - No, I (hitch-hike). 24 I (not see) Charles for some time. - He (be) ill, poor chap. He (collapse) at work a fortnight ago and (be taken) to hospital. They (send) him home after two days but he (not come) back to work yet. 25 There (be) a very good programme on TV last night. You (see) it? - No, I (take) my set back to the shop last week because there (be) so much distortion; and they (say) it (need) a new part. They (not be able) to get the new part so far, so I (not watch) television for about ten days. 26 You (ever) be to France? - Yes, I (spend) last July and August in Grenoble. I (go) to improve my French but everyone I (meet) (want) to improve his English so I (not get) much practice. 27 The postman usually comes between 8.00 and 9.00 in the morning. At 8.45 a.m. yesterday Ann (say), 'Are there any letters for me?' 'I don't know,' (say) Mary. The postman (not come) yet.' At II a.m. Jack, Mary's husband, (ring) from his office to ask if there (be) any letters for him. 'No,' (say) Mary. 'Nobody (get) letters today. The postman (not come).' 28 Mr Speed, Ann's employer, (dictate) three letters and (tell) Ann to type them as soon as possible. Half an hour later he (ring) Ann's office. 'You (finish) those letters yet?' he (ask). 'Well,' (say) Ann, 1 (do) the letter to Mr Jones, and I'm now typing the one to Mr Robinson, but I (not start) the one to Mr Smith yet.' 29 You (find) out yet about the trains to Liverpool? - No. I (ring) the station last night but the man who (answer) the phone (not seem) to be sure of the times. He (say) something about a new timetable. - But the new timetable (be) in operation for three weeks! 30 Tom and Jack work in different offices but go to work in the same train. One evening Tom's wife (say), 'Jack (move) into his new house yet?' 1 don't know,' (say) Tom, I (not see) Jack today. He (not be) on the train.' 31 Where you (be)? - I (be) shopping in Oxford Street. - So I suppose you (buy) shoes? - Yes. I (find) a shop where they were having a sale and I (get) three pairs. 32 In the evenings I often play chess with my next door neighbour. I (play) chess with him ever since I (come) to live here ten years ago. He (be) here all his life; he (inherit) the house from his father, another great chess player. - You ever (play) chess with the father? - We (play) once or twice but he (die) a year after I (arrive). 33 I can't find my gloves. You (see) them? - Yes, you (leave) them in the car yesterday. I (put) them back in your drawer. 34 I hope you're enjoying your visit to England. You (meet) any Englishmen yet? - Yes, I (meet) a man called Smith at a party last night. - What you (talk) about? - We (talk) about the weather 35 Mrs Jones: For years I (do) all my washing by hand; then last year I (buy) a washing machine and I must say it (make) washing day much less exhausting. It only takes me an hour now. Mrs White: I don't like washing machines. I always (do) my washing by hand and I intend to go on doing it. I always (find) it very satisfying work. 36 Tom: Don't you think it's time we (have) something different for, Sunday dinner? Ann: But we (have) roast beef for Sunday dinner ever since we (get married. Your mother (tell) me that you (be) particularly fond of roast beef. Tom: But my mother (be) dead for five years and in those five year my tastes (change).

Ex. 76 Translate the following into English concentrating on the use of the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite:

1. Она была одна, когда вошел ее муж. Он с удивлением оглядел комнату. «Что это?» — спросил он. — «Я переехала». Она улыбнулась ему. — «Дом еще не готов. Ты не можешь этого сделать». — «Я уже сделала это». 2. Когда Молли вошла в комнату, я сказал: «Я принес мой старый альбом с марками. Вашего мужа я встретил на крыльце. Он попросил меня оставить его вам». 3. «Добрый день, — сказал он. — Можно мне повидать Мэри?» — «Ее здесь нет, — ответила ее мать. — У меня был с ней разговор, который ей не понравился, и она уехала». 4. «Я позвонила доктору», — сказала его сестра, входя в комнату. Когда Роберт пришел в себя, он спросил: «Ты сказала, что позвонила доктору? Останови его, если можно. Я совсем здоров. Я просто не могу себе представить, почему я потерял сознание». 5. «Где он? Я должен его увидеть». — «Он ушел в лес». 6. «Отец внизу?» — «Да». — «Он ходил к Смитам?» — «Да». — «Что сказал м-р Смит?» — «Отец его не видел». 7. Она встала из-за стола. «Я должна пойти запереть калитку. Уже стемнело». 8. «Посмотри, — сказал он, держа по щетке в каждой руке, — что мой двоюродный братец подарил мне! Он оставил их на моем туалетном столике». 9. Мальчик вышел и четким голосом прочитал стишок. Его мать заговорила первой. «Подойди сюда, — сказала она ему. — Кто научил тебя этому?» — «Я сам его придумал», — ответил мальчик. 10.Моей одежды нет в комнате. Они ее унесли. 11.Он сорвал цветок. «Посмотри, что я сделал», — сказал он. — «Зачем ты это сделал?» — «Я не знаю». 12.Что я сделал такого, чтобы так сильно рассердить отца? 13. Затем они все прошли в столовую и заняли свои места за столом. «А брат и я уже завтракали, — вдруг воскликнула Мег, — я совсем забыла». 14.Молли, случилось что-то ужасное. У соседей на крыльце нашли младенца. 15.Говорят, что девушка и ее тетка продали свой домик и уезжают куда-то к родственникам.

Литература

1 Кикоин, А. К. Молекулярная физика: учеб. пособие для студ. физич. спец. вузов / А. К. Кикоин. – М.: Наука, 1978.– 480 с.

2 Сивухин, Д. В. Общий курс физики: в 5 т. Т.2. Термодинамика и молекулярная физика / Д. В. Сивухин. – М.: Наука, 1990.– 591 с.

3 Матвеев, А. Н. Курс молекулярной физики: учебн. для физ. спец. вузов / А. Н. Матвеев. – М.: Высшая школа, 1987. –360 с.

4 Ландау, Л. Д. Механика и молекулярная физика / Л. Д. Ландау, А. И. Ахиезер, Е. М. Лившиц.– М.: Наука, 1969.–287 с.

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