The Participle as Objective Predicative

The Participle as a Second Action Accompanying the Action of the Predicate Verb

The Participle as Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate

§ 246. One of the functions in which the participle proper is
used, is part of a compound verbal predicate. The participle is
lexically dependent in this function — it is found after the in-
transitive verbs to lie, to sit and to stand which denote position.

e.g. He stood surprised in front of his house.

The smoke drifted away and the camp lay revealed.
He was lying back relaxed in his chair.
Joe sat hunched in a corner of the seat.

Examples of this kind are of rare occurrence, and the participle
may be adjectivized here too.

§ 247. The participle may express a second action accom-
panying the action of the predicate verb. The second action is pas-
sive in meaning and, hence, it shows that the person indicated by
the grammatical subject of the sentence undergoes the action de-
noted by the participle.

With terminative verbs, the participle in this function indi-
cates an action that precedes the action of the predicate verb,
e.g. Asked when they could expect an answer, the clerk said it

would take them about a week.

Shocked by the poverty of my own vocabulary, I went to the
British Museum library.

with durative verbs, the participle expresses an action simul-
taneous with that of the predicate verb,
e.g. He stood there, drinking tomato juice, surrounded by people
absorbing the radiation of his power.
Then I saw my mother. She sat by the window, lighted up by
the setting sun.
The participle in this function may be found in different posi-
tions in the sentence,
e.g. Suddenly touched, the girl came over to the side of his chair
and kissed his cheek.
I went out of the court determined to show them a good play.

This participle is characteristic of literary English.

The Participle as Subjective Predicative
§ 248. The participle may be used as subjective predicative. It
is lexically dependent in this function and is used after the pas-
sive of the verbs to find, to hear, to see and to make.

e.g. Then he was found barricaded in a little hut.

A minute ago he was seen engaged in a lively conversation
with a charming girl.

Note. To be made known is treated as a set phrase.
e.g. I'm afraid this information will have to be made known.

Examples of this kind are of rare occurrence and the participle
is often adjectivized.

§ 249. The participle is also used as objective predicative. It is
lexically dependent in this function and found after a number of
transitive verbs followed by a direct object which is expressed by
^a noun or a pronoun. These verbs are: to believe, to consider, to
feel, to find, to get, to have, to hear, to keep, to leave, to like, to
make, to see, to think, to want, to watch and the set phrases
w on't like, won't have and should/would like.

e.g. On arriving at the cottage she found it locked.

Despite himself, Maurice felt his attention caught.
You'll never guess where I had the suit made.
But even if you work hard it takes a long time to write a nov-
el. And you have to get it published.
I said I had not heard the matter mentioned.
"I want it proved," he roared.
I would like it done right away.

The (passive) subject of the participle in this function is the
object of the sentence (see also "Verbs", § 174).

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