Animals and plants

ANIMALS AND PLANTS

LESSON THREE

Grammar: Continuous Tenses.

1. Read the following words and guess their meaning:

2. Read and translate the text:

No one knows how many different kinds of plants and animals there are. Some scientists estimate the number at three million. Many of them provide us with food, clothing, shelter and medicines. Some, including several kinds of insects, pierce our skin and feed on the blood. Others, both plants and animals, even live and grow inside our bodies. In this way they may cause disease. You can see why scientists study living things with great care. Our lives may depend on how much we have learned about the living things around us.

Because there are so many different kinds of plants and animals, the task of the biologists is not an easy one. Up to the present time it was named and described more than 840,000 kinds of animals and 345,000 kinds of plants, to keep track of this great number of living things a system of classification has been set up. Plants and animals are sorted into groups according to the way they are built. For example, the tiger, the leopard, and the lion will be all grouped together. All of them belong to the cat family. All the members of the cat family, in turn, belong to a larger group that includes such meat-eating animals as the dog, the bear. They have teeth that are built for tearing and cutting flesh. Their sharp claws help them to capture and eat their prey. In this way, all plants and animals were classified by their structure. All living plants and animals were divided into two kingdoms: the animal kingdom and the plant kingdom.

Among the smallest and simplest living things there are some that are difficult to classify. There are tiny plant-like cells that can swim about actively in the water. In some cases, the classification of these is still in doubt.

The animal kingdom, as we have seen, includes many thousands of different animals. Scientists classify them further as follows:

Animal kingdom:

A. Invertebrates (Animals without backbones)

1) One-celled animals

2) Sponges

3) Cup animals (jelly-fishes and corals)

4) Spiny-skinned animals (star-fishes and their relatives)

5) Worms

6) Molluscs (oysters, snails, squids)

7) Jointed-legged animals (lobsters, spiders, insects)

B. Vertebrates (Animals with backbones)

1) Fishes

2) Amphibians (frogs, toads, salamanders)

3) Reptiles (snakes, lizards and turtles)

4) Birds

5) Mammals

The plant kingdom includes tiny one-celled plants that can be seen only with a powerful microscope and the great redwood and sequoia trees of the Pacific coast, the oldest and the largest living things on earth.

Down through the ages, man has relied upon plants for many of his needs. The beauty of plants enriches our lives. Most important of all is the fact that the other living things in our world could not exist very long without their plant neighbours.

Some plants have no roots, stems or leaves. Some of them consist of only one cell. Others, like the giant seaweeds may be more-than 100 feet long. They are divided into two main groups. The algae have green chlorophyll. They can make their own food. The fungi have no chlorophyll. They must get their food from other plants and animals.

Notes to the text:

in this way – таким чином

in turn – у свою чергу

up to the present moment – до теперішнього моменту

to take саге – турбуватися, дбати

3. Translate the following words bearing in mind the meaning of the affixes and memorize them:

to estimate (v), estimation (n), estimate (n)

to provide (v), provider (n)

care (n), careful (adj), careless (adj), carefully (adv).

to depend (v), dependent (n), independence (n), dependent (adj)

to describe (v), description (n), descriptive (adj)

to classify (v), class (n); classification (n)

to act (v), actor (n), actress (n), action (n), active (adj)

power (n), powerful (adj), powerless (adj)

beauty (n), to beautify (v), beautiful (adj)

4. Supply the nouns corresponding to the following verbs:

to construct, to engage, to develop, to include, to estimate, to differ, to resemble, to provide, to know, to divide, to derive, to depend, to discover, to vary, to acquaint, to define, to value, to specialize, to describe, to classify, to act

5. Translate the following word-combinations into Ukrainian and use them in the sentences of your own:

to do one's best, to be certain, in spite of, to keep track, in common, no matter, in turn, according to, in this way, to take care, to be of great value, to keep healthy, to make a contribution, of the same sense

6. Give another word or phrase of similar meaning to the following:

substance, to be similar to, to study, to consider, to construct, discovery, important, resemble, minute, earth, century

7. Answer the questions:

1) How many different kinds of animals and plants exist in the world?

2) Why is the classification of living things necessary?

3) How are living things sorted into groups?

4) What are the differences between animal and plant kingdoms?

5) How do men use plants and animals?

8. Translate into English:

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