Syntactic structure of the claus (simple sentence). The model of the members of the sentence

Predicativity. Predication. Constructions with secondary predication.

Classification of phrases according to the types of syntactic relations between the constituents.

The structural theory of word-groups (descriptive linguistics) divides word-groups into two main types: endocentric (headed) and exocentric (non-headed). The criteria for distinguishing between them are distribution and substitution. An endocentric group has the same position as its headword. The distribution of an exocentric group differs from the distribution of its components.

3 types of syntactic relations within word-groups: subordination, coordination, interdependence. Accordingly, phrases are usually classified into subordinate, coordinate and predicative. Sometimes a fourth type, appositive phrases, is mentioned.

Subordination:

1) agreement (concord);

2) government;

3) adjoinment;

4) enclosure.

The communicative function of the sentence distinguishes it from phrases and words, which have one function – naming.

Predicativity - the correlation of the thought expressed in the sentence with the situation of speech. Its components are modality, time and person, expressed by the categories of mood, tense and person.

Means of expressing predicativity: predicate verb, subject-predicate group (predication), intonation. Predication constitutes the basic structure of the sentence. A sentence may contain primary and secondary predication. I heard someone singing. The group someone singing is called the secondary predication, as it resembles the subject-predicate group (= the primary predication), structurally and semantically: it consists of two main components, nominal and verbal, and names an event or situation. But it cannot be correlated with reality directly and cannot constitute an independent unit of communication, as verbals have no categories of mood, tense and person. The secondary predication is related to the situation of speech indirectly, through the primary predications.

The process of analysing sentences into their parts, or constituents, is known as parsing.

The syntactic structure of the sentence can be analysed at 2 levels: pre-functional (constituents are words and word-groups) and functional (constituents are parts of the sentence).

Parts of the sentence are notional sentence constituents which are in certain syntactic relations to other constituents or to the sentence as a whole.

Parts of the sentence:

1 ) principal parts of the sentence - the predication (the basic structure of the sentence),

2) secondary parts of the sentence extend or expand the basic structure.

Parts of the sentence are notional constituents: they name elements of events or situations denoted by the sentence: actions, states, participants and circumstances. The formal properties of parts of the sentence are the type of syntactic relations and the morphological expression.

Principal parts of the sentence are interdependent. The subject is structural centre of the sentence. The predicate agrees with the subject in person and number. The predicate is the semantic and communicative centre of the sentence.

Secondary parts of the sentence are modifiers of principal and other secondary parts: attributes are noun-adjuncts, objects and adverbial modifiers are primarily verb adjuncts. Besides the three “traditional” secondary parts, two more are singled out: the apposition and the objective predicative.

Accordingly to the structure parts of the sentence:

1) simple expressed by words and phrases;

2) compound, consisting of the structural and notional part (compound verbal and nominal predicate, subject with the introductory it and there);

3) complex, expressed by secondary predications (typical of secondary parts of the sentence).

The model of parts of the sentence shows the basic relations of notional sentence constituents. It does not show the linear order of constituents.

Дата добавления: 2014-12-29