The History of Refrigeration

UNIT 1

Lesson A. Text: The History of Refrigeration.

Grammar. Review of Tenses (Active Voice). The Participle. Forms and functions.

Lesson B. Translation Practice. Translation of terminological word-combinations.

Different meanings of the word as.

Text: Artificial Refrigeration in the Nineteenth Century.

Lesson C. Speech Practice. Introductions. Meeting Guests.

Lesson A

Key words: refrigeration /ri,fridʒə'reiʃn/ штучне охолодження

processing /'prousesiŋ/ обробка

transportation /,trænspɔ:¢teiʃn/ перевезення, транспортування

marketing /'ma:kitiŋ/ торгівля

accuracy /'ækjurəsi/ точність

application /,æpli'keiʃn/ вживання, використання

equipment /i'kwipmənt/ обладнання

available /ə'veilabl/ наявний

ammonia /ə'mounjə/ аміак

refrigerant /ri'fridʒərənt/ холодильний агент

limit /'limit/ обмежувати

packing /'pækiŋ/ пакування

storage /’stɔ:ridʒ/ зберігання; склад

warehouse /'wɛəhaus/ товарний склад

giant /'dʒaiənt/ велетень, гігант; гігантський

expand /iks'pænd/ поширювати

explosive /iks'plousiv/ вибуховий

precision /pri'siʒn/ точність, чіткість

manufacture /mænju'fæktʃə/ виробництво

invention /in'venʃn/ винахід

fractional /' frækʃənl/ частковий, дробовий; менш однієї

кінської сили

horsepower /'hɔ:s,pauə/ кінська сила

commercial /kə'mə:ʃl/ комерційний, торговельний

fixture(s) /fikstʃə(z)/ вітрина

preserve /pri'zə:v/ зберігати

sufficient /sə'fiʃənt/ достатній

urban /'ə:bən/ міський

house /'hauz/ вміщати

untenable /ʌn'tenəbl/ беззахисний; непридатний,

негожий

Lexical Drills

Exercise I. Find the synonyms:

1. refrigeration a) widen

2. application b) production

3. manufacture c) artificial cooling

4. accuracy d) usage

5. expand e) precision

6. preserve f) keep

Exercise II. Give the missing forms of the verbs:

Infinitive	Past Indefinite (Simple)	Past Participle
be	...	been
…	...	become
grow	...	grown
...	fed	…
take	...	…
...	...	given
freeze	...	frozen

Exercise III. Translate the following word-combinations and learn them:

mechanical refrigeration; food processing; storage warehouse; to take something for granted; meat packing plants; ice plants; electric motor; fractional horsepower; refrigerating unit; explosive growth; commercial fixtures; significant part; highly technical society; urban population; summer months; air conditioners.

Read and translate the text:

In our everyday life we take the mechanical refrigeration for granted. Whether we think of food processing, transportation and marketing, accuracy in industrial processes, computer systems or human comfort, all depend on refrigeration.

Refrigeration in its many forms and applications has become a way of life in many places in the world. The beginning of mechanical refrigeration dates back to the end of the 19th century. In those early days the equipment then available was bulky, expensive, using ammonia as a refrigerant and not too efficient. Also it was of such a nature as to require that a mechanic or operating engineer be on duty at all times. This limited the use of mechanical refrigeration to a few large applications such as ice plants, meat packing plants, and large storage warehouses.

Only in a few decades refrigeration has grown into the giant and rapidly expanding industry that it is today. This explosive growth came about as the result of several factors.

First, with the development of precision manufacturing methods, it became possible to produce smaller, more efficient equipment. This, along with the development of "safe" refrigerants and the invention of the fractional horsepower electric motor, made possible the small refrigerating unit which is so widely used at the present time in such applications as domestic refrigerators and freezers and small air conditioners, and commercial fixtures.

Refrigeration has played the significant part in the development of the highly technical society. Present civilization, as it is today, is dependent upon mechanical refrigeration for its very existence. It would not be possible, for instance, to preserve food in sufficient quantities to feed the growing urban population without mechanical refrigeration. Too, many of the large buildings which house much of the nations' business and industry would become untenable in the summer months because of the heat if they were not air-conditioned with mechanical refrigerating equipment.

Answer the questions:

1. When did mechanical refrigeration appear?

2. What was the equipment like in those early days?

3. What served the explosive growth of refrigeration?

4. Why is mechanical refrigeration so important for the development of the highly technical society?

Grammar

The Participle. Дієприкметник. Forms and Functions. Форми і функції.

Дієприкметник — це неособова форма дієслова, що включає ознаки дієслова, прикметника та прислівника

Forms	Active Voice	Passive voice
Participle I (Present Participle) Participle II (Past Participle) Perfect Participle	producing — having produced	being produced produced having been produced

Способи перекладу

Participle I. The plant producing — завод, що випускає

producing випускаючи, виробляючи

being produced — той, що виробляється

Participle II produced —вироблений

Perfect Participle having produced — виробивши, випустивши

having been produced — після того як був вироблений, випущений

Functions. Функції.

означення:	reacting gases — реагуючі гази a broken device — зламаний прилад
обставини:	When heated up to 100°C water boils. Нагріта до 100°С вода кипить. Having realized the harmfulness of existing refrigerants scientists began to find environmentally safe substitutes. Усвідомивши згубність існуючих холодильних агентів, вчені почали шукати екологічно безпечні замінювачі. Note: У функції обставини дієприкметник часто використовується зі сполученнями when, if, while.
частина присудка(функція предика-тива)	The ozone layer is constantly depleting. Озоновий шар постійно вичерпується. Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the ozone layer was signed by many countries. Монреальський протокол про речовини, що вичерпують озоновий шар, був підписаний багатьма країнами.

Exercises:

I. Define forms and functions of the Participle:

1. Men working with machines, motors, electrical materials must be careful.

2. Reading articles in English journals he used a dictionary.

3. Invented in France and accepted universally in science the Metric System has the following fundamental units: the meter, the kilogram and the second.

4. The photoelectric effect was discovered by Heinrich Hertz in 1887.

5. Galileo lived at a time when the human spirit was waking after a thousand years of sleep.

6. The importance of heat transfer and leakage discussed above is very dependent on the rotational speed of the compressor.

7. Having dried bricks in the sun, the ancient Egyptians built simple houses of four walls and a flat roof above them.

8. The volume of a gas or vapor is greatly affected by changes in pressure or temperature or both.

9. Fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) are rapidly running out.

10.Electricity can be produced from any source of energy.

11.An alternative source of energy is a source based on solar, wind, wave or tidal power.

12.Chemical elements classified by Mendeleyev were grouped according to their atomic weights.

13.Rivers connected by canals form long water-ways.

14.The heat produced is mechanically equivalent to the work done to produce it.

15.The blanks in the Periodic table stood for undiscovered elements.

II. Form all possible forms of the Participle from the following verbs. Translate them:

1) Regular: create, carry out, process, enumerate, use, cool, liquefy, divide, study, obtain, develop, found; fix; test; print.

2) Irregular: grow, give, think, become, make, rise, find, freeze, keep, feed, drive, build; send; write; learn.

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