Read the information and do the exercises that follow

Complete the chart with suitable names from the above exercises.

Read the information and do the exercises that follow.

A text consists of paragraphs each being a unit of thought which in print is traditionally marked off with an indentation (абзац, отступ). Each paragraph deals with a theme and develops an idea. Most paragraphs are made up of 2 parts: a) the thesis usually contained in the topic or key sentence and b) the supporting details which revolve around this pivotal (central) idea, expanding upon it (the body of the paragraph).

The structural patterns of paragraphs vary and the key sentence may be found in different parts of the paragraph. The most common pattern is [3] deductive in which the point of fundamental importance comes at the top of the paragraph.

The opposite structure is inductive, in which the generalizing sentence occurs at the bottom of the paragraph.

A deductive-inductive pattern is a combination of the other two basic structures. It is formed by 2 key sentences which frame the paragraph. One of these initiates the hub (central) idea and the other rewords or repeats it in the concluding part of the passage.

58 To make sure you understand what you’ve read, complete the sentences.

1 A paragraph deals with ………………………………………

2 Normally, it consists of …………………………………........., a thesis and supporting details.

3 The thesis is found in the …………………………………….

4 And the supporting details ……………………………………

5 The top sentence may be located in ………………………..

6 There are……………………. main structural patterns: ….....

..............................................................................................

7 In the deductive pattern ……………………………………

8 In the inductive pattern ………………………………………..

9 In the deductive-inductive pattern 2 key sentences …….....

………………………………………………………………………

59 Self-check

a) the deductive pattern:

paragraph

b) the inductive pattern:

paragraph

c) the deductive-inductive pattern:

paragraph

60 Now with a partner, study each paragraph of the passage and:

§ state its main idea

§ identify the structural pattern

paragraph	idea	pattern

61 Summarizing the text

To make a summary is to give the gist of a given text in an impersonal manner. It is no more than bringing out its hub idea and main points. Any kinds of personal evaluation or critical attitude are ruled out. Summarizing the text (резюме) comprises 2 basic operations, paraphrasing/rephrasing and generalizing (обобщение) the facts of the original text.

Reading and understanding any text is closely connected with making inferences (построение умозаключений) which are based on the information which is implicit (подразумеваемый) and is not revealed directly. The summary of a narrative can be made in the form of a brief account of the facts, events, happenings, actions described in the text (summary of the plot) or a general idea of what is being described (summary of the idea).

In terms of the language, the summary of the plot is more laconic and deprived of appreciative words and phrases.

Précis-making technique (методика реферирования текста) is based on this principle and includes the following stages:

• skimming through the original text with the aim of getting the general idea of its content;
• reading the text paragraph after paragraph and picking out the key fragments;
• the problem of telling the primary information from secondary items; to this end, compare the semantic content of various paragraphs (the subject-matter (тема, предмет обсуждения) of different paragraphs);
• making up a new text;
• editing the new text which includes:
• introduction of conjunctions and connectives (союзные слова) to make the summary logical in sequence;
• shifting separate utterances or groups of utterances following the logic of the summary;
• substituting separate words and word combinations with the view to keeping more precisely to the original text;
• introducing generalizing elements (words or word combinations) which will help to laconically render certain segments of the original;
• excluding separate elements of the text with redundant or unimportant information;
• stylistic editing of the text.

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