Modal verbs. Texts: “physics Lab safety rules”; “our place in the universe” present past future can(фізична можливість

Unit 2

GRAMMAR: Modals

TEXTS: “Physics Lab Safety Rules”; “Our Place in the Universe”

Present	Past	Future
can (фізична можливість, можливість, дозвіл, вирогідність) I can translate this text easily. Can you pass the salt, please? to be able to (здатний) He is a great sportsman, he is able to swim over the English Channel.	could (можливість дії, менша вірогідність у порівнянні із can) They could miss the train but fortunately they were on time at the station.   was / were able to (можливість, здатність) The child was not able to read the book, he was too small.	‑   will be able to (можливість, здатність) As soon as you finish the work, you will be able to go out.
must (повинен, моральне зобов’язання) People must take care about their old parents. to have to (вимушений, повинен за обставинами) We have to work under awful conditions. to be to (повинен згідно з попереднім планом, домовленості) Students are to take exams at the end of the term. What am I to do?	‑   had to He had to carry out experiments without anyone’s assistance.   was / were to My neighbour was away and I was to feed his cat and water the flowers.	‑   will have to We will have to translate the article. Nobody will do it for us.   ‑
may (дозвіл, вірогідність) The work has been done. You may be free.     to be allowed to (дозвіл) You are not allowed to leave your place without permission.	might (вірогідність менша у порівнянні із may) They might be there but I’m not sure. was / were allowed to (дозвіл) There were not allowed to go to the party.	‑     will be allowed to (дозвіл) You will be allowed to go out if you tidy up everywhere.
should (слід, порада, рекомендація) You should wear safety glasses in the laboratory.
ought to (слід, використовується як синонім should) You ought to revise for your test.
need (використовується у заперечній формі із значенням відсутність необхідності) He didn’t need to take a taxi as I gave him a lift.
Would (1) звичайна дія у минулому, що повторювалася, синонімічно до used to; 2) сильне небажання виконувати якусь дію; 3. властива дія (у технічних текстах) He would go to the country every summer in his childhood. I asked him to do it but he wouldn’t. Paper would burn well.

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with "to have to", "to be to", "must" according to the meaning.

1. The experiment... take place on Monday, I think everything is ready.
2. They... examine this sample under a very powerful microscope as it is very small: 3. I am very tired, I... have a rest. 4. Our meeting... take place after our last lecture. 5. You... work hard if you want to finish this work. 6. I.... go to the reading-room as I have no books at home. 7. He... wait for two hours as his train has just left. 8. All the students of our Institute... carry out a number of experiments in the laboratory.

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