Text 4 European Union law

A) Western Europe b) jjurisprudence c) the language of government d) civil law systems e) Roman law practice f) legal system

Exercise 3.4 Make up word-combinations using the words from two groups

Roman law also denotes the … applied in most of Western Europe

a) political system

b) court system

c) legal system

4. The first legal text is …

a) the Law of the Twelve Tables

b) the Bill of Rights

c) Habeas Corpus

5. Today, Roman law is no longer applied in …

a) private life

b) legal practice

c) official documents

1) law	a) system
2) legal	b) language
3) Roman	c) Union
4) civil	d) era
5) unique	e) subject
6) the Middle	f) law
7) national	g) practice
8) mandatory	h) Empire
9) current	i) shape
10) the European	j) Ages

Exercise 3.5 Fill in the gaps and translate in a written form:

Roman law is the 1 … of ancient Rome, and the legal developments which occurred before the 7th century AD – when the Roman-Byzantine state adopted Greek as 2 … The development of Roman law comprises more than a thousand years of 3....

Historically, "Roman law" also denotes the legal system applied in most of 4 …, until the end of the 18th century. In Germany, 5 … remained longer, having been the Holy Roman Empire (963-1806); thus the great influence upon the 6 … in Europe.

Exercise 3.6 Match the following terms with their definitions:

1) code	a) the study of law and the principles on which laws are based
2) jurisprudence	b) a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government
3) tradition	c) a set of rules about how people should behave or about how something must be done
4) state	d) a custom or belief that has existed for a long time
5) law	e) the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties

Exercise 4.1 Study the vocabulary:

1)the unique legal system	1) унікальна правова система
2)operate	2) діяти, працювати
3)override	3) не брати до уваги, нехтувати
4)to constitute	4) встановлювати, засновувати
5)mutual benefit	5) взаємна користь, вигода
6)to evolve	6) розвиватися, еволюціонувати
7) toencompass	7) містити в собі
8)accession	8) поповнення, збільшення
9)regulation	9) інструкція, обов’язкова постанова
10)transpose	10) переносити, переміщувати
11)persuasive	11) спонука, мотив

Exercise 4.2 Read and translate the text:

The Law of the European Union is the unique legal system which operates alongside the laws of Member States of the European Union.

The EU law has direct effect within the legal system of its Member States, and overrides national law in many areas, especially in terms of economic and social policy.

The European Union is not a federal government, nor is it an intergovernmental organization. It constitutes a new legal order in international law for the mutual social and economic benefit of the Member States.It is sometimes classified as supernational law.

The European Union law has evolved gradually over the last 56 years. When the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1951, it established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and comprised just 6 Member States.

Five years later the European Economic Community (EC) was founded by the same six Member States, and then they signed EUROATOM (European Autonomic Energy Community Treaty).

The original aim of the Community was economic integration: to create a common market, later defined as a Single Internal Market, in which there could be free trade area, where Member States’ frontiers) between themselves, and a customs union, in which all members agreed to impose on goods coming into the area from non-member states a common level of duty (the Common Customs Tariff).

Now there are around 500 million EU citizens in 27 Member States subject to the EU law, making it one of the most encompassing modern legal systems in the world.

The sources of the EU law are:

1) the Treaties – primary legislation (the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (Lisbon Treaty), the Treaty on the European Union Maastricht Treaty;

2) secondary legislation enacted by the European Union (such as regulations and directives);

3) general principles, including fundamental human rights, and citizenship of the EU for every national of a Member State;

4) decisions of the European Court.

The EU Treaties are directly applicable in every Member State. Accession to the Community limits the power of national governments and affects national sovereignty – the power to govern. The European Union law has supremacy over, that is, overrides national law.

There are 5 types of legal acts the European Union uses:

· treaties;

· regulations;

· directives;

· decisions of the European Court;

· recommendations and opinions.

Exercise 4.3 Complete the sentences and choose the best variant:

1. The Law of the European Union is …

a) the unique legal system

b) the antique political system

c) the ancient economic system

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