Damage to the Hearer

Positive Face Threatening Acts

Damage to the Speaker

Damage to the Hearer

Negative Face Threatening Acts

Face-Threatening Acts

According to Brown and Levinson, positive and negative face exist universally in human culture. In social interactions, face-threatening acts are at times inevitable based on the terms of the conversation. A face threatening act is an act that inherently damages the face of the addressee or the speaker by acting in opposition to the wants and desires of the other. Most of these acts are verbal, however, they can also be conveyed in the characteristics of speech (such as tone, inflection, etc) or in non-verbal forms of communication. At minimum, there must be at least one of the face threatening acts associated with an utterance. It is also possible to have multiple acts working within a single utterance [2].

Negative face is threatened when an individual does not avoid or intend to avoid the obstruction of their interlocutor's freedom of action [2]. It can cause damage to either the speaker or the hearer, and makes the one of the interlocutors submit their will to the other. Freedom of choice and action are impeded when negative face is threatened.

^ An act that affirms or denies a future act of the hearer creates pressure on the hearer to either perform or not perform the act: orders, requests, suggestions, advice, remindings, threats, or warnings.

^ An act that expresses the speaker’s sentiments of the hearer or the hearer’s belongings: compliments, expressions of envy or admiration, or expressions of strong negative emotion toward the hearer (e.g. hatred, anger, lust).

^ An act that expresses some positive future act of the speaker toward the hearer. In doing so, pressure has been put on the hearer to accept or reject the act and possibly incur a debt: offers, and promises.

x An act that shows that the speaker is succumbing to the power of the hearer.

x Expressing thanks.

x Accepting a thank you or apology.

x Excuses.

x Acceptance of offers.

x A response to the hearer’s violation of social etiquette.

x The speaker commits himself to something he does not want to do.

Positive face is threatened when the speaker or hearer does not care about their interactor’s feelings, wants, or does not want what the other wants. Positive face threatening acts can also cause damage to the speaker or the hearer. When an individual is forced to be separated from others so that their well being is treated less importantly, positive face is threatened.

v An act that expresses the speaker’s negative assessment of the hearer’s positive face or an element of his/her positive face. The speaker can display this disapproval in two ways. The first approach is for the speaker to directly or indirectly indicate that he dislikes some aspect of the hearer’s possessions, desires, or personal attributes. The second approach is for the speaker to express disapproval by stating or implying that the hearer is wrong, irrational, or misguided: expressions of disapproval (e.g. insults, accusations, complaints), contradictions, disagreements, or challenges.

v An act that expresses the speaker’s indifference toward the addressee’s positive face.

v The addressee might be embarrassed for or fear the speaker: excessively emotional expressions.

v The speaker indicates that he doesn’t have the same values or fears as the hearer: disrespect, mention of topics which are inappropriate in general or in the context.

v The speaker indicates that he is willing to disregard the emotional well being of the hearer: belittling or boasting.

v The speaker increases the possibility that a face-threatening act will occur. This situation is created when a topic is brought up by the speaker that is a sensitive societal subject: topics that relate to politics, race, religion.

v The speaker indicates that he is indifferent to the positive face wants of the hearer. This is most often expressed in obvious non-cooperative behavior: interrupting, non-sequiturs.

v The speaker misidentifies the hearer in an offensive or embarrassing way. This may occur either accidentally or intentionally. Generally, this refers to the misuse of address terms in relation to status, gender, or age: addressing a young woman as "ma’am" instead of "miss."

Дата добавления: 2014-12-23