Classification classification

Semantic morphological

Antonyms

properconversivesabsolute or root

young - old buy-sell good - bad

large-little give —receive old —new

husband - wife

derivational

complementaries appear - disappear

male - female logical-illogical

single - married

Semantic field is a closely knit sector of vocabulary characterized by a common concept (e.g. in the semantic field of space we find nouns - expanse, extent, surface; verbs - to extend, to spread, to span; adjectives - spacious, roomy, vast, broad). The member of the semantic fields are not synonymous but all of them are joined together by some common semantic component. This component

common to all the members of the field is sometimes described as the common denominator of meaning, like the concept of kinship, concept of colour, parts of the human body and so on. The basis of grouping in this case is not only linguistic but also extra-linguistic: the words are associated, because the things they name together and are closely connected in reality.

Thematic (or ideographic) g roups of words joined together by common contextual associations within the framework of the sentence and reflect the interlinking of things and events in objective reality. Contextual association are formed as a result of regular co-occurrence of words in similar repeatedly used contexts.

Thematic or ideographic groups are independent of classification into parts of speech. Words and expression are here classed not according to their lexico-grammatical meaning but strictly according to their signification, i.e. to the system of logical notions (e.g. tree - grow - green; sunshine - brightly - blue - skyj,

Hyponymy is the semantic relationship of inclusion existing between elements of various levels. Thus, e.g. vehicle includes car, bus, taxi. The hyponymic relationship is the relationship between the meaning of the general and the individual terms.

A hyperonym is a generic term which serves as the name of the general as distinguished from the names of the species-hyponyms. In other words the more specific term is called the hvponym. For instance, animal is a generic term as compared to the specific names wolf, dog, mouse (these are called equonyms). Dog, in its turn, may serve as a generic term for different breeds such as bull-dog, collie, poodle, etc.

Lecture 3 (individual studying) Theme: Phraseology

Plan:

1. Free word combination and phraseological word combination. The problem of
definition of phraseological word combination. The essential features of
phraseological units: lack of semantic motivation (idiomaticity) and lexical and
grammatical stability. The concept of reproducibility.

2. Different approaches to the classification of phraseological units: semantic,
functional (according to their grammatical structure), contextual.

3. Academician V.V.Vinogradov's classification of phraseological units. The
degree of idiomaticity as an essential requirement for the classification:

a) phraseological combinations;

b) phraseological unities;

c) phraseological fusions.

4. Stylistic aspect of phraseology. Polysemy and Synonymy of Phraseological
Units.

5. N.N.Amosova's concept of contextual analysis. Definition of fixed context.
Two types of units of fixed context: a) phrasemes, b) idioms. Two types of
idioms.

6. S.V.Koonin's concept of phraseological units. Functional and semantic
classification of phraseological units.

7. Formal and functional classification.

8. Phraseological stability.

9. Proverbs, saying, familiar quotations and cliches.

Literature:

1. Arnold I.V. The English Word. -M., 1986. -P. 165-174, 174-181.

2. Rayevska N.N. English Lexicology. - K., 1979. - P. 265-283.

3. Ginzburg R.S. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. - M., 1966. - P. 87-
119,100-193.

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