Unit 1. Stages of life

LABELS USED

Basics of Life

Москва, 2005

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Содержание ………………………………………………..……………………2

Предисловие ……………………………………………….……………………3

Labels Used ………………………………………………………………………4

Unit 1. Stages of Life ………………………………………….…………………5

Unit 2. Education ………………………………………………………………..36

Unit 3. Career ……………………………………………………………………62

Unit 4. Women and Their Role in Society ………………………………………91

Unit 5. Crime and Punishment …………………………………………………126

Словари и литература …………………………………...…………………….161

The following labels indicate words that express a particular attitude or are appropriate in a particular context. These labels are widely used in the exercise-book and will help you to speak better and more-to-the-point English.

(approv) Approving expressions show that the user feels approval or

admiration, eg cosy, masterly, petite.

(derog) Derogatory expressions show that the user feels disapproval or scorn,

eg brat, fuddy-duddy, pedantic.

(fig) Figurative usage is when language is used in a non-literal or

metaphorical way. The label is used before examples illustrating such

state, eg It makes my heart ache (ie it makes me sad) to see her suffer

(infml) Informal expressions are used between friends or people who know

each other well, in a relaxed or unofficial contest. They are not

appropriate for formal situatuons. Examples are brainy, dad, umpteen.

(fml) Formal expressions are usually only used in serious or official,

especially written, language and would be unappropriate in normal

everyday conversation. Examples are disrobe, redoubtable, alight.

(ironic) Such usage is when words are used to mean the opposite or something

very different from their apparent meaning, as in This is a nice mess

you’ve got us into!

(joc) Jocular expressions are intended to be funny, eg clodhopper, hanky-

panky, long in the tooth, muggins.

(sl) Slang is very informal language, mainly used in speaking and

sometimes restricted to a particular group of people, eg those who

have similar interests or do the same job. Examples are dope (= illegal

drugs), the fuzz (= the police), lolly (=money).

The following labels indicate other restrictions on the use of words and phrases.

(Brit) This indicates expressions used in British English and not in American

English, eg jumble sale, mackintosh, tombola.

(AmE) This indicates expressions used in American English and not in British

English, eg drugstore, sidewalk, turnpike

(saying) Sayings are well-known fixed or traditional phrases, such as proverbs,

that are used to make a comment, give advice, issue a warning, etc, eg

look before you leap; you’re only young once.

There are also such labels as usu = usually; esp = especially; sb = somebody; sth = something.

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