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The present perfect and the past perfect




CHAPTER 6

6-1 USING THE PRESENT PERFECT

 

Jim has already eaten lunch. Jane hasn’t eaten lunch yet. Have you ever eaten lunch at that restaurant? I have never eaten at that restaurant. The present perfect expresses activities or situations that occurred (or did not occur) “before now”, at some unspecified time in the past.*
I have eaten at that restaurant many times. I have flown in an airplane many times. It has rained three times so far this week. The present perfect often expresses activities that were repeated several or many times in the past. The exact times are unspecified.
Alice has lived in this city since 1980. I have known Bob for ten years. We have been in class since ten o’clock in the morning. You’ve learned a lot of English since you came here. When the present perfect is used with sinceor forit expresses a situation that began in the past and continues to the present.

 

 

· If the exact time is specified the simple past is used.

Exercise 1: Complete the sentences. Use the words in brackets.

1. (I, meet) I’ve met Ann’s husband. I met him at the party last night.

2. (I, finish) _____________________ my work. I finished it two hours ago.

3. (she, fly) Ms. Parker travels to Washington, DC frequently.

_____________________________ there many times.

4. (they, know) Bob and Jane are old friends. ___________________ each other for a long time.

5. (it, be) I don’t like this weather. _______ cold and cloudy for a long time.

6. (you, learn) Your English is getting better. ____________ a lot of English since

you came here.

7. (we, be) My wife and I came here two months ago. ____________________

in this city for two months.

8. (he, finish) Tom can go to bed now. ___________ his homework.

 

Exercise 2: Complete the sentences. Use words in brackets.

1. (I, write, not) _______________ sister a letter in a long time.

2. (I, write, never) _____________ a letter to the President of the US.

3. (he, finish, not) Greg is working on his composition, but __________

it yet. He’ll probably finish it in a couple of hours.

4. (I, meet, never) _______________ Nancy’s parents. I hope I get the chance

to meet them soon.

5. (Ron, never, be) ____________ in Hong Kong, but he would like to go there

some day.

6. (Linda, be, not) ___________ in class for the last couple of days. I hope she

is okay.

7. (they, come, not) The children are late. _______ home from school yet. I hope

nothing’s wrong.

8.(I, call, not) __________ Irene yet. I’ll call her tomorrow.

 

Exercise 6: Study the examples.

 

a) Present Perfect I have been in Europe many times several times a couple of times once (no mention of time)   The present perfect expresses an activity that occurred at an unspecified time in the past.
b) Simple Past I was in Europe last year two years ago in 2009 when I was ten years old The simple past expresses an activity that occurred at a specific time in the past.

 

Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or simple past.

 

1. A: Have you ever been in Europe?

B: Yes, I __________. I (be) _______ in Europe several times. In fact, I (be)

in Europe last year.

2. A: Have you ever eaten at Al’s Steak House?

B: Yes, I _______. I (eat) ______ there many times. In fact, my wife and I

(eat) ________ there last night.

3. A: Have you talked to Professor Alston about your grades?

B: Yes, I ______. I (talk) ______ to him about my grades several times.

In fact, I (talk) ______ to him after class yesterday about F I got on the last test.

4. A: What European countries (you, visit) _________?

B: I (visit) _________ France, Germany and Switzerland. I (visit) France in 1985.

I (be) ____ in Germany and Switzerland in 1990.

5. A: (Bob, have, ever) __________ a job?

B: Yes, he _______. He (have) ___________lots of part-time jobs. Last Summer

he (have) a job at his uncle’s bakery.

 

6-2 USING SINCE AND FOR

 

SINCE I have been here since eight o’clock.

since Tuesday.

since May

 

Since is followed by the mention of a specific point of time. It expresses the idea that an activity began at a specific time in the past and continues to the present.

 

FOR I have been here for ten minutes.

for five days.

for a long time.

 

FOR is followed by the mention of a length of time: four days, five weeks.

 

Exercise 7: Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or the past simple.

1. Carol and I are old friends. I (know) her since I (be) a freshman in high school.

2. Maria (have) a lot of problems since she (come) to this country.

3. Since the semester (begin) we (have) four tests.

4. I (have, not) any problems since I (come) here.

5. Mike (be) in school since he (be) six years old.

6. My mother (not, be) in school since she (graduate) from college in 1990.

7. Since we (start) doing this exercise we (complete) six sentences.

8. My name is Peter. I’m from Russia. Right now I’m studying English at this school.

I (be) at this school since the beginning of January. I (arrive) here January 2, and

my classes (begin) January 6. Since I (come) here, I (do) many things, and I (meet)

many people. I (go) to several parties. Last Saturday I (go) to a party at my friend’s

house. I (meet) some of the other students from Russia at the party. Of course,

we (speak) Russian, so I (practice, not) my English that night. There (be) only

people from Russia at the party. However, since I (come) here, I (meet) a lot of

other people. I (meet) students from Latin America, Africa, the Middle East and

Asia. I enjoy meeting people from other countries.

 

6-3 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

 

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE The present progressive expresses I have been sitting in class since 9 o’clock the duration of an activity that is in Progress.

 

Exercise 8: Complete the sentences. Use the present progressive or the present perfect progressive.

1. Mark isn’t studying right now. He (watch) TV. He (watch) TV since seven o’clock.

2. Carol is standing at the corner. She (wait) for the bus. She (wait) for the bus for

twenty minutes.

3. Right now we’re in class. We (do) an exercise. We (do) this exercise for a couple

of minutes.

4. John and Mary (talk) on the phone right now. They (talk) on the phone for over

an hour.

5. I(sit) in class right now. I (sit) since ten minutes after one.

 

Exercise 9: Complete the sentences. Use the present perfect or the present perfect progressive.

1. The zoo isn’t far from here. I (walk) there many times.

2. I’m tired. We (walk) for over an hour. Let’s stop and rest for a while.

3. Mr. Curtis (work) at the power company for fifteen years. He likes his job.

4. I (read) this chapter in my chemistry text for three times, and I still don’t understand it.

5. My eyes are getting tired. I (read) for two hours. I think I’ll take a break.

6. Mrs. Jackson (teach) kindergarten for twenty years. She’s one of the best

teachers at the elementary school.

7. Marge is writing a letter to her boyfriend. She (write) it since she got home

from class. It’s going to be a long letter.

9. I (write) my folks at least a dozen letters since I (leave) home.

 

Exercise 10: Following is a general rule of verb tenses. Complete the sentences by using the proper forms of the words in brackets.

1. A: (you, have) any plans for vacation?

B: Yes, I do. I (plan) to go to New Orleans.

A: (you, be, ever) there before?

B: Yes, I have. I (be) in New Orleans two months ago. My brother lives there, so

I (go) there often.

A: (you, be, ever) there before?

B: Yes, I have. I (be) in New Orleans two months ago. My brother (live) there,

so I (go) there often.

2. A: Where’s Margaret?

B: She (study) at the library.

A: When (she, get) back home?

B: In an hour or so. Probably around five o’clock.

A: How long (she, study) at the library?

B: Since two o’clock this afternoon.

A: (she, study) at the library every day?

B: Not every day, but often.

3. A: Shhh. Irene (talk) on the phone long-distance.

B: Who (she, talk) to?

A: Her brother. They (talk) for almost an hour. I think her brother is in

some kind of trouble.

B: That’s too bad. I hope it’s nothing serious.

4. A: (you, know) Don’s new address?

B: Not off the top of my head. But I (have) it at home in my address book.

When I (get) home this evening I (call) and (give) you his address.

A: Thanks. I’d appreciate it.

5. A: Where’s Juan? He (be) absent from class for the last three days. (anyone, see)

him lately?

B: I have. I (see) him yesterday. He has a bad cold, so he (be) home in bed since

the weekend. He (be, probably) back in class tomorrow.

6. A: How long (you, wear) glasses?

B: Since I (be) ten years old.

A: (you, be) nearsighted or farsighted?

B: Nearsighted.

7. A: Let’s go to a restaurant tonight.

B: Okay. Where should we go?

A: (you, like) Thai food?

B: I don’t know. I (eat, never) any. What’s it like?

A: It’s delicious, but it can be pretty hot!

B: That’s okay. I (love) really hot food.

A: There (be) a Thai restaurant on Second Avenue. I (go) there a couple of

times. The food is excellent.

B: Sounds good. I (be, never) to a Thai restaurant so it (be) a new experience

for me. After we (get) there, can you explain the menu to me?

A: Sure. And if I can’t, our waiter or waitress can.

8. A: (you, smoke)?

B: Yes, I do.

A: How long (you, smoke)?

B: Well, let me see. I (smoke) since I (be) seventeen. So I (smoke) for almost

four years.

A: Why (you, start)?

B: Because I (be) a stupid boy.

A: (you, want) to quit?

B: Yes. I (plan) to quit very soon. In fact, I (decide) to quit on my next birthday.

My twenty-first birthday is two weeks from now. On that day, I (smoke) my

last cigarette.

A: That’s terrific! You (feel) much better after you (stop) smoking.

B: (you, smoke, ever)?

A: No, I haven’t. I (have, never) a cigarette in my life. When I (be) ten years

old I (smoke) one of my uncle’s cigars. My sister and I (sneak) a couple

of his cigars out of the house and (go) behind the garage to smoke them.

Both of us (get) sick. I (have, not) anything to smoke since then.

B: That’s smart.

 

6-4 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL AND ANYMORE

 

ALREADY The mail came an hour ago. The mail is already here. Idea if already:Something happened before now, before this time. Position: midsentence
YET I expected the mail an hour ago, but it hasn’t come yet. Idea of yet:Something did not happen before now, but it may happen in the future. Position: end of sentence.
STILL It was cold yesterday. It is still cold today. I could play the piano when I was a kid. I can still play the piano. The mail didn’t come an hour ago. The mail still hasn’t come. Idea of still: A situation continues exist from past to present without change. Position: midsentence
ANYMORE I lived in Chicago two years ago, but then I moved to another city. I don’t live in Chicago anymore. Idea of anymore:A past situation does not continue to exist at present; a past situation has changed. Position: end of sentence.

 

Note: Already is used in affirmative sentences.

Yet and anymore are used in negative sentences.

Still is used either in affirmative or negative sentences.

 




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