Формы страдательного залога

ОСНОВНЫЕ СПОСОБЫ ПЕРЕВОДА СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОГО ЗАЛОГА

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

Если сказуемое выражено глаголом в страдательном залоге, то подлежащее не выполняет действия, а подвергается действию, выраженному этим глаголом; ср.:

Действительный залог

They asked about it. Они спросили об этом.

Страдательный залог

They were asked about it. Их спросили об этом (Они были спрошены об этом).

	Present	Past	Future
Indefinite	T the house is built.	Th the house was built.	Th the house will be built.
Continuous	T the house is being built.	T the house was being built.
Perfect	T the house has been built.	Th the house had been built.	Th the house will have been built.

При переводе на русский язык страдательную конструкцию можно передать следующими способами.

Русской формой страдательного залога данного глагола в соответствующем времени, лице и числе:

The paper was written last year.

Статья была написана в прошлом году.

Возвратной формой глагола на «-ся», «-сь» в соответствующем времени, лице и числе:

The excavations were made on the left side of the hill. Раскопки производились на левой стороне холма.

Неопределенно-личной формой глагола действительного залога в соответствующем времени в 3-м л. мн. ч.:

The excavation was made with great care. Раскопку производили с большой осторожностью.

Личной формой глагола в действительном залоге (такой перевод возможен только в том случае, если указано лицо, производящее действие, т. е. если в предложении есть дополнение с предлогом by):

These papers were written by one and the same author. Эти работы писал один и тот же автор.

Примечание. В некоторых случаях сочетание глагола to be с причастием II не является формой страдательного залога, а представляет собой именное сказуемое, которое в отличие от форм страдательного залога выражает состояние, а не действие; ср.:

Простое глагольное

сказуемое

(действие)

This door is (usually) locked

by the porter. Эту дверь (обычно) запирает

швейцар.

Составное именное

сказуемое

(состояние)

This door is locked. Эта дверь заперта.

Упражнения

1. Определите время сказуемого. Дайте все возможные варианты перевода.

1. Only a few instances will be given here.

2. His answer was appreciated by everybody.

3. A new exhibition has been organized in this building.

4. The most important documents are signed here.

5. His lecture will be broadcast by the radio tomorrow.

6. The new-discovered language was described and deciphered.

7. The inscriptions have not yet been fully studied.

8. The most important archaeological collections are housed in museums.

9. This paper was first published in another edition, and is reprinted here with the permission of the editors.

10. The above problem is being investigated by one of the writers,¹ and the results will be published separately.

11. All these ancient tools have been mentioned above, and something more will be said about them in the following chapter.

2.Подберите наилучший вариант перевода.

1. According to one version the famous library was destroyed during the strife between Ptolemy XV and his sister Cleopatra for the throne; according to another, it was burned six centuries later.

2. Almost all sciences except perhaps medicine suffered a relapse ² during the Dark Ages ³ when scientific pursuits were considered antireligious. The occasional scholar who attempted such studies was often persecuted and his progress discouragingly slow.

3. The origin of the race of men who made the Nile valley the cradle of civilization is still being sought by scholars.

4. On the whole ⁴ Chekhov's plays are constructed in the same way as his stories. The differences are due to the differences of material and are imposed by the use of dialogue.

5. These papers were in their original form read at a conference of the English Institute, 1954.

Дата добавления: 2014-12-24