Further reading

Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback)12.6.1.Answers to questionsQuestion # 1 A. the Correct answer. True B. Incorrect Question No. 2 A. True B. Incorrect answer Question No. 3 A. Full. Detailed answer B. Incorrect answer Question No. 4 A. Full. Detailed answer B. Incorrect answer Question No. 5 A. the Correct answer B. Surface response. Wrong. Question No. 6 A. the Correct answer. B. Incomplete response Question No. 7 A. Correctly B. Incorrect Question No. 8 A. Full. Detailed answer B. Incorrect answer Question No. 9 A. Full. Detailed answer B. True. The correct answer Question No. 10

Case module No. 12. The problem of translation of metaphors
12.1. Theoretical submodule. Theory. Information frames.
12.1.1. Linguo-cognitive theory of metaphor
The study perevodovedenie techniques figuratively-stylistic use of the word is connected, firstly, to the fact that different types of texts in the original language, there is an increasing tendency to metaphorical; that is associated with the desire of the producers of the text to the provision of effective impact on the recipient. Interest in the theory of metaphor, secondly, associated with the need for an interpreter of knowledge about mechanisms of action, types of transfer functions of metaphors. Thirdly, the translator must be aware of the techniques of translation of metaphors, and to do this he must study the theory of tropes. The term "trail" is understood in a narrow and broad sense. Trails in the broad sense is a system of disparate significant items, hierarchically organized, motivated, involved in contextual relations of semantic transfer (for example, paths in literature, painting, music, film, pantomime, psychoanalysis, etc., [Lotman, 1999]. Trails in the narrow sense are two mutually incompatible important element, between which a relationship is established adequacy within a certain context [Zheltukhin, 2004, 31].
There are three main pathways: 1) metaphor; 2) metonymy; 3) synecdoche.
Metaphor - trails, the essence of which consists in the formation of contextual speech figurative meaning on the basis of similarity of some features of two objects, one of which is already marked, and the value that contains the attributes attached to the word in speech, and the second receives the designation in this particular case usage. Metaphor is a way of creating new, relevant lexical units and is widely used in the art of speech.
There are several directions in the study of metaphor: psychological, semantic, formal, cognitive. Representatives psychological direction, in particular F. I. the Buslaev, regarded as an allegorical metaphor trails, based on the identification of objects, phenomena, concepts by similarity. This transfer of the names of one word into another by similarity of features and functions. E. Cassirer, E. T. Cherkasova, indicating that the metaphor is a transfer on the semantic similarity of names, define metaphor as "the transfer of the name of one representation into another sphere - a different view, like any feature of the first or continuing any indirect with him analogy" [Cassirer, 1990, 35], [Cherkasova, 1968, 36].
From the semantic side, the metaphor can be described as paths, which in the process of developing a figurative meaning (when transferring names on the similarity of characteristics or similarity functions) occur semantic shifts on the basis of the following characteristics: 1) the sign of abstractness (the pulse of public life; weeping of the President; the appetites of monopolies); 2) characteristic expressiveness (tentacles, the octopus, the wrong side of the political world); 3) the characteristic semantic dublinbet (combined direct and figurative meanings).
Syntactic characteristics of metaphors involves identifying typical syntactic conditions metaphoricaly of a word. Century Century Vinogradov, considering the lexical meaning of words in paradigmatic and syntagmatic plans, emphasized the importance of the study of syntagmatic and design-based meanings of the word. So, syntactically determined the meaning of the word is always metaphorical. It appears in the conditions of any word in a new function, for example, when the noun acts as a predicate, for example: dress - beautiful cakes - delicious [Vinogradov, 1978].

Metaphor is the result of associative analogy of one subject with another. In this case, new words are created by secondary nomination. Under the secondary category refers to the use of existing language nominative funds in the new function of naming. Secondary nomination show the possibility of multiple contacts between extralinguistic range and scale: ice cream (meat) (adjective) - ice cream (noun); rabbit (animal) - hare (cowardly man) [Ganelina, 1993].
The structural trend in the study of metaphor takes into account the characteristics of the shape, that is the plan of expression metaphors. In this case, the analysis of metaphors count as level membership units serving carrier metaphorical image (verbal metaphors): twirl her husband; metforminonline phrases: sharp smell of apples; phrasal metaphors: the catcher and the beast flees; and her speech affiliation can be identified, for example: noun (path, container), case (acute), verbal metaphors (to shake things up, to twist) and other
On the syntactic function of the verbal metaphors are allocated predicative metaphors, for example: silence is Golden, your hands, real ice. The grammatical form of the word-arguments in noun metaphor - genitive metaphors, for example: ice your hands [Moskvin, 2006, 140].
Functional direction in the classification of metaphor considers the metaphor in the target dimension, i.e., by running a metaphor functions. So, is allocated nominative metaphor used to refer to any concept. In this case we can speak about secondary nomination, when by semantic way of forming words occurs metaphor used to describe any concept that does not have a name, for example, satellite (Earth satellite), zip (zip). Metaphor can perform the evaluation function when it evaluates any subject of thought. This metaphor can be called axiological metaphor, for example: gold man, gold hands, snake in the grass, Viper, giant, and other thoughts There is also decorative metaphor as a means of aesthetic reflection of reality, for example: diamond dew, gold hair and other
The fourth direction is cognitive. The metaphor is studied representatives of this direction as an instrument of cognition, educational purposes - for explanations, predictions, identifying properties of the object under study by comparing with the well-known phenomenon, that is, in heuristics (cognitive, epistemological function) [MacCormac, 1985, 36-37]. Cognitive metaphor is not just fix the existing similarity matching objects, and asked him," are attributed to the objects in that area previously identified their properties and thereby guide the process of scientific discovery search these properties" [Gusev, 1984].
The metaphor acts as a form of conceptualization, contributing to the formation of new concepts about the subject of thought.
At the most General approach, the metaphor is seen as the vision of one object over another, and in this sense is one of the ways of representing knowledge in a linguistic form. The metaphor usually refers not to a single isolated objects, and complex mental spaces (areas of sensory or social experience). In the processes of knowledge of these complex, directly unobservable mental space, are related through the metaphor with more simple or specifically observed mental spaces (for example, human emotions are compared to fire, the spheres of economy and politics - with games, sports and so on). In such metaphorical representations is transferred to the conceptualization of the observed cognitive space directly unobservable, which in this process is conceptualized and included in the conceptual system of a given language community. If this is the same mental space can be represented by one or several conceptual metaphors.
Cognitive metaphor is used in that case, "when a scientist discovers a new phenomenon, in other words, creating a new concept and looks for his name" [Ortega y Gasset, 1991, 203]. The metaphor in this case is used in two functions: firstly, so as "to increase the amount of knowledge is relatively poorly understood area by transferring additional information from more well-known situation" [Petrov, 1990, 139]. Secondly, the metaphor is used for the name of the object that does not yet have names.
Cognitive metaphor is different from the language of metaphor because it performs nominative, cognitive function, language and metaphor performs character, shaped function. N. D. Arutyunov specifies these functions, as the most characteristic of metaphors, adding to it more and figurative [Arutyunov, 1979].
Thus, the analysis of the main directions of metaphor, we can conclude that the metaphor is one of the expressive means of learning and cognition; metaphorical transfer is carried out according to similarity of form or function between two objects of reality; the metaphor is the result of secondary nomination, when the word is combined direct and portable values.

12.1.2 translation Techniques metaphors
Basic techniques of translating metaphors of the source language to the target language are:
the structural transformation;
permutation;
traditional compliance;
add;
parallel naming metaphorical basis.
The structural transformation of the metaphors of the source language in the target language. The essence of this method consists in the structural transformation of the verbal and grammatical metaphors, if required by the differences in the principles of combinatorics between the source and translating in the language:
"I woke earlу to see the kiss of the sunrise summoning and rosy flush to the western cliffs, sight which never fails the spirits".
"I got up early and saw from the sun's kiss at sunrise he glowed West rocks is a sight to which I invariably inspires" [Kazakov, 2006, 241].
The structural transformation of the original stylistic units in this example is caused by the difference in the grammatical traditions impersonation in English and Russian languages. If you reproduce verbatim the original structure, the proposal will receive artificial for Russian combinatorial combinations: "to see kiss the rising sun, causing a pink blush on the Western cliffs, a sight that never fails to make me feel good".
Welcome rearrangement of the structural elements of the metaphors used in cases where there are differences in the grammatical or syntactic forms IA and five, for example, in English metaphorical epithet can be expressed attributive and the noun phrases, as in English, as in Kazakh, very often used combination of an adjective with nouns, taking the genitive metaphors, for example: On the opposite bank AP eтerald ribbon of fields and foliage bоrdеrеd the rivеr; beyond lay the desert, the Red Land of the ancient texts.
Send arse better jaasi easterly Zhane EGN Alabina Zhasyl cgen jackelen. Alrdy arlynda, CNE of gabbaland Kyzyl Zher Dept falatyn, SL gave cosily Satyr.
The opposite shore of the river was fringed with emerald green fields and trees; behind them stretched the desert, in the ancient scrolls called red Earth.
Replacement metaphors. This technique is used in cases when the animal or anthropomorphic metaphors of the source language are replaced by the such in the target language, for example, in English, Kazakh, Russian languages metaphorical epithets "black", "Kara", "black" can be translated in some cases literally, for example: black day, black day, Kara-kun; black deed, black case, Kara IC. However, in most cases, the metaphorical functions of the epithet in these languages diverge, as in the Kazakh language the word "Kara" can perform as a negative evaluation function (Kara Beth, Kara Horde)and expressive (Kara jer, Kara Shanyrak). Expressions of English black sheep (black sheep), black frost black frost), replaced in Russian and Kazakh languages, for example, black sheep, other Kozy, eudy irdy, eudy shelady; strong hard frost, Kyzyl sun Ayaz and other Replacement occurs when rameterization, when the metaphor of OIA is replaced by the metaphor of the translation language.
Traditional compliance. Animal metaphors are basically the same for the secondary category, for example, is "tricky" used tulk; Fox, fox; is predatory, cruel: Askar, wolf, wolf, cunning - SR jylan, snake, serpent; stubborn - GS, bull, bull. However, the emotional-evaluative associations related to in one way or another animal are not the same, in different cultures, for example, the word horse in the English language is associated with positive emotions type "thoroughbred", "healthy", "graceful"in the Kazakh language with the word antibodies are also associated with positive values, for example: at Jay, at Baylor (euphemism - man) and others In the Russian tradition "horse" metaphor mostly accompanied by other, and sometimes opposite associations: "clumsy", "strong", "ugly", "rough", "big", etc. These associations are particularly pronounced if the "horse" metaphor refers to a woman: "a horse-woman" or "Mare" is a big, strong, clumsy, ugly woman.
Parallel names metaphors of the source language and the target language. The essence of this method consists in the selection of equivalents of this source of metaphor in the target language, such as metaphors, gawar, diamond sparkler is used as equivalents in different languages. Only in this case one and the same figure of speech denotation is replaced by another word in the target language, but using them in parallel.
Parallel name of the metaphors used in cases of parallel items of secondary nomination of objects, for example: hare, Oan, bear, Mama Ayu,bear; zholbarys, tiger, tiger in different languages.
Reception add is used in cases where there are differences in metaphorical constructions of the source language and the target language, for example: the concept of power figuratively transferred in Russian, Kazakh and English languages. Used mostly welcome impersonation when inanimate concept of "power" are properties of the person. In Russian the word "power" is implemented in verbal metaphor: the government has ordered the government decided, in the Kazakh language are added to shaped nomination of power: it Atan su SCSU, in English, the power indicated by the words dominante, rule, dominante role.
Receiving demetalizarii is the essence of the method is that the metaphor of the source language is replaced numerations expression, for example:
She stared out of the window, a world away (Gordon).
She stared out the window, thinking about her.

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Fig. 26 - the Main directions in the study of metaphor

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Fig. 26 - the Main directions in the study of metaphor
Fig. 27 - translation Techniques metaphors

12.2.2. Examples
Example No. 1.
Rameterization
- You didn't see anyone today? Opposite was one adjutant, one stretched trooper and a lady
You didn't meet anybody else at their place today, did you.
Yes, I did, There was an adjutant guardsman, and a lady.

Example No. 2.
Traditional compliance
Red girl - beautiful girl.
Good fellow - a brave man.

12.3. Reference submodule. Reference frames. "Glossary". List of basic and additional literature", "reference sites"
12.3.1. Glossary
Metaphor - trails, the essence of which consists in the formation of secondary portable values based on the similarity of the signs of the two objects. Thus the name of one object is transferred to another according to the similarity of the signs, forms or functions.
Personification is the attribution of characteristics of animate beings to inanimate objects.
Transfer of title - transfer of names from one subject to another by similarity of signs, of similar shape.
Rameterization - replacing the metaphor of OIA on the metaphor of the translation language.
Shifting metaphors reception rearrangement of the structural elements of the metaphor.
Traditional correspondence - receiving selection of an appropriate metaphor in the translation language.

12.3.2. Secocoeni and additional literature

Key readings

Arutyunov N. D. Metaphor //Russian language: an encyclopedia. - M., 1979.
Vinogradov centuries Lexicology and lexicography. - M.: Nauka, 1978.
Zheltukhin M. R. Trails and their functions //Russian literature, 2004, No. 1.
Kazakova, T. A. Practical basics of translation. English Is English. - SPb.: Publishing House "Union", 2006.
Petrov centuries Metaphor: from semantic representations to the cognitive analysis //problems of linguistics, 1990, No. 3.

Analina L. K. Nomination and derivational relations. - Almaty, 1993.
Gusev, S. C. Science and metaphor. - L., 1984.
Cassirer E. C. the Power of the metaphor Theory of metaphor. - M., 1990.
Lakoff G., Johnson M. Metaphors we live. - M.: publishing house of LCG, 2008.
Lotman Y. M. Inside thinking worlds. Man - text - semi - history. M., 1999.
Moskvin B. N. Stylistics of the Russian language. Theoretical course. - Rostov n/D: Phoenix, 2006.
Ortega y Gasset H. Two main metaphors. - M., 1991.
Silver, B. A. About materialistic approach to the phenomena of language. - M., 1983.
Cherkasova E. T. Experience linguistic interpretation of tropes //Problems of linguistics, 1968, No. 2.
MacCormac, E. R. A cognitive theory of metaphor. - Gambridge, 1985.

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