Prevention. Infertility is the inability to naturally conceive a child or the inability to carry a pregnancy to term

INFERTILITY

Infertility is the inability to naturally conceive a child or the inability to carry a pregnancy to term. There are many reasons why a couple may not be able to conceive, or may not be able to conceive without medical assistance.

Infertility is one of the severe disorders both for male and female because both of them can hardly experience this state. It is necessary to differentiate absolute infertility when there are deep unreversable changes which make conceiving impossible and relative infertility when the causes giving it rise may be irradicated.

Besides one should distinguish primary and secondary infertility. Primary infertility is a disease when a female has never had pregnancies and secondary one is difficulty of conceiving after already having conceived and carried a normal pregnancy. Apart from various conditions (e.g. hormonal), this may come as a result of age and stress, impossibility to provide a sibling for their first child.

A couple considers to be infertile if:

· they have not conceived after 12 months or after 6 months if the woman is over 35 years of age.

· there is incapability to carry a pregnancy to term.

General factor relating to female infertility are diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, adrenal disease and common diseases such as significant liver, kidney insufficiency, different female sphere disorders, disturbances of genitourinary tract and various psychological factors.

Factors relating to male infertility include endocrine problems, hypothalamic disorders, genetic deffects, neoplasm, trauma, infectious diseases such as mumps, different psycological factors, indulgence to drugs, alcohol.

In the majority of cases of male infertility no clear cause can be identified with current diagnostic methods.

In some cases, both the man and woman may be infertile or sub-fertile, and the couple's infertility arises from the combination of these conditions. In other cases, the cause is suspected to be immunological or genetic; it may be that each partner is independently fertile but the couple cannot conceive together without assistance.

· Some cases of infertility may be avoided by doing the following:

· Avoid drugs and medications known to cause fertility problems.

· Avoid excessive exercise.

· Avoid exposure to environmental hazards such as pesticides.

· Get early treatment for sexually transmitted diseases.

· Have regular physical examinations to detect early signs of infections or abnormalities.

· Keep diseases, such as diabetes and hypothyroidism, under control.

· Avoid smoking.

· Limit caffeine and alcohol intake.

· Practice stress management.

· Use birth control to prevent unwanted pregnancy and abortion.

In many cultures, inability to conceive bears a stigma. In closed social groups, a degree of rejection (or a sense of being rejected by the couple) may cause considerable anxiety and disappointment. To avoid this feeling a couple should apply to a psycologist.

P O S T – T E X T A S S I G N M E N T

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

What is infertility?

What is absolute infertility caused by?

May relative infertility be irradicated?

What is primary infertility?

When is a couple considered to be infertile?

What are factors of female infertility?

What are factors of male infertility?

What are the ways of avoiding infertility?

What are preventable measures of infertility?

What are the causes of infertility?

Exercise 8. Give Еnglish equivalents and make up 5 sentences with them:

невозможность забеременеть естественным путем; глубокие необратимые изменения; устранять причины; быстрый спад фертильности (плодовитости); невозможность выносить беременность; значительные нарушения печени; накопление репродуктивных ошибок; заболевания, передающиеся половым путем; выявлять начальные признаки инфекции; профилактика нежелательной беременности; характерный признак; ограничивать прием.

Exercise 9. Chose the verbs to be used with the nouns:

To conceive, to carry, to receive, to have, to get, to control, to limit, to reveal, to cause, to follow

A child, a medical assistance, treatment, pregnancy, regimen, unreversable changes, disease, physical examination, (smoking, alcohol) intake, inflammation, initial signs.

Exercise 10. Read the sentences and say whether they are true to the text.

1. Infertility is one of the severe disorders both for male and female.__________

2. Absolute infertility is when there are changes in human body which make conceiving impossible._____________

3. Primary infertility is a disorder when a female has some pregnancies._____________

4. Secondary infertility is a state when a female has already had one pregnancy._____________

5. Many factors influence male infertility. They are chill, fever, severe headaches, different intestinal disturbances.______________

6. In some cases both man and woman may be infertile and the couple’s infertility arises from combinations of this condition._____________

7. Smoking and alcohol intake don’t influence both male and female infertility.______________

Exercise 11. Insert the preposition where necessary:

1. Infertility is inability to carry pregnancy … term.

2. The patient has an indulgence … drugs that’s why he has to be … a constant doctor’s control.

3. No clear cause can be identified … current diagnostic method.

4. The pathogens causing this infections circulate … blood or lymph and are not discharged … the organism.

5. Direct contact and various things belonging … the sick person may be responsible … spreading the infective agent.

6. Continuous haemorrhage causes decrease … red blood cell count.

7. The doctor saw typical signs … intoxication associated … the overdose … this poisonous drug appearing gradually.

Exercise 12. Translate into English:

1. Бесплодие – это невозможность забеременеть естественным путем. 2. Абсолютное бесплодие – это состояние, когда имеются глубокие необратимые изменения в здоровье мужчины или женщины. 3. Относительное бесплодие – это состояние, когда причины, вызвавшие его, могут быть устранены. 4. Основные причины, относящиеся к женскому бесплодию, - это эндокринные проблемы, заболевания щитовидной железы, болезни надпочечников, нарушения мочеполовой системы и другие. 5. В большинстве случаев мужское бесплодие включает такие заболевания как сахарный диабет, генетические повреждения, травму, инфекционные заболевания, такие как паротит, скарлатина, корь и другие.

Exercise 13. Read the text. Tell about:

absolute and relative infertility;

primary and secondary infertility;

prevention of male infertility;

prophylaxis of female infertility.

Exercise 14. Give summary of the text.

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