A l l e r g I e s

TEST

A B

1. Vaccination is the process of administering… 2. The term was coined by Edward Jenner and adapted by… 3. Vaccination (Latin: vacca—cow) is so named because the first vaccine … 4. Vaccination efforts have been met with some … 5. Stimulating immune response, via… 6. The first Rabies immunization was given by …

1. Pasteur to a child bitten by a rabid dog. 2. was derived from a virus affecting cows. 3. weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal. 4. Louis Pasteur for his pioneering work in vaccination. 5. resistance since its inception.   6. use of an infectious agent, is known as immunization.

Exercise 12. Read the sentences and say whether the following ones are true to the text:

Vaccination is the process of administering weakened or dead pathogens to a sick person or animal.

The term was coined by Louis Pasteur and adapted by Edward Jenner for his pioneering work in vaccination.

Vaccination (Latin: vacca—cow) is so named because the first vaccine was derived from a virus affecting pigs.

The eradication of smallpox, which was last seen in a natural case in 1877.

Currently some people assert that childhood vaccination does not cause some autoimmune disease and autism.

Mercury derivatives in vaccines may be a cause of autism.

Vaccination given after exposure to chicken pox, within the first four days.

Most vaccines are given by hypodermic injection as they are not absorbed reliably through the gullet.

Exercise 13. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order according to the text.

In the generic sense, the process of artificial induction of immunity, in an effort to protect against infectious disease, works by 'priming' the immune system with an 'immunogen'.

Most vaccines are given by hypodermic injection as they are not absorbed reliably through the gut.

Vaccination is the process of administering weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal.

The eradication of smallpox, which was last seen in a natural case in 1977, is considered the most spectacular success of vaccination.

The term was coined by Edward Jenner and adapted by Louis Pasteur for his pioneering work in vaccination.

Exercise 14. Put questions to the underlined membersor parts of sentences.

Vaccination is the process of administering weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal.

The term was coined by Edward Jenner and adapted by Louis Pasteur for his pioneering work in vaccination.

Vaccination (Latin: vacca—cow) is so named because the first vaccine was derived from a virus affecting cows.

In common speech, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' generally have the same colloquial meaning.

The eradication of smallpox was last seen in a natural case in 1977.

Some modern vaccines are administered after the patient already has contracted a disease, as in the cases of experimental AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease vaccines.

Most vaccines are given by hypodermic injection as they are not absorbed reliably through the gut.

Live attenuated Polio, some Typhoid and Cholera Vaccines are given orally in order to produce immunity based in the bowel.

Exercise 15. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate forms. Translate them into Russian.

Vaccination is the process which (to administer) in weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent.

Edward Jenner (to coin) the term and Louis Pasteur (to adapt) it for his pioneering work in vaccination.

It’s known that, in common speech, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' generally (to have) the same colloquial meaning.

Vaccination efforts (to meet) with some resistance since its inception.

The eradication of smallpox, which was last seen in a natural case in 1977, is considered (to be) the most spectacular success of vaccination.

Currently some people assert that in future childhood vaccination (to cause) some autoimmune disease and autism.

Scientific study (to not demonstrate) a link; however, the assertion found space in a United States House of Representatives report in 2003.

Some modern vaccines are administered after the patients already (to contract) a disease, as in the cases of experimental AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease vaccines.

Vaccines are known (to give) orally in order to produce immunity based in the bowel.

One said, that the vaccines already (to trigger) an immune response more rapidly than the natural infection itself.

Exercise 16. Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:

Ослабленный или мертвый болезнетворный микроорганизм или фактор; отличный от; с целью; происходить от; снижать частоту заболевания; искоренение заразных заболеваний; эффектный успех; научные исследования; производные ртути; искусственная индукция иммунитета; близкородственные разновидности; укушенный бешеной собакой; подкожная инъекция; в полной мере, сопротивление; всасываться в кровь; вакцинация.

Exercise 17. Give the definitions of the following terms according to the text in English:

Vaccination, cowpox virus, immunization, vaccine.

Exercise 18. Give the summary of the text “Vaccination”.

1. … is the process of administering weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent.

a. vaccination

b. inoculation

c. catheterization

d. immunization

e. ammonization

2. It succeeded and is distinct … inoculation.

a. out

b. through

c. from

d. in

e. above

3. The term was coined by Edward Jenner and adapted by … Pasteur for his pioneering work in vaccination.

a. Lewis Pasteur

b. Lionel Pasteur

c. Luke Pasteur

d. Louis Pasteur

e. Lambert Pasteur

4. Vaccination (Latin: vacca—cow) is so named because the first vaccine was derived from … affecting cows: the cowpox …, a relatively benign virus that provides a degree of immunity to smallpox, a contagious and deadly disease.

a. a vaccine

b. a bacillus

c. a coccus

d. a bacterium

e. a virus

5. In common speech, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' generally… the same colloquial meaning.

a. has

b. have

c. to have

d. had

e. had been

6. Vaccination efforts have been met with some resistance since … inception.

a. his

b. her

c. its

d. it’s

e. them

7. Early success and compulsion brought widespread acceptance and mass vaccination campaigns … which have greatly reduced the incidence of many diseases in many areas.

a. was undertaken

b. undertaken

c. undertook

d. to undertook

e. were undertaken

8. The eradication of smallpox, which was last seen in a natural case…, is considered the most spectacular success of vaccination.

a. in 1967

b. in 1977

c. in 1907

d. in 1877

e. in 1917

9. Currently some people assert that childhood vaccination causes some autoimmune disease and ….

a. autemesia

b. autism.

c. autarcesis

d. autophobia

e. autophony

10. Scientific studies have not demonstrated a link; however, the assertion found space in a United States House of Representatives report in 2003 which included the suggestion that mercury derivatives in vaccines …a cause of autism.

a. may have been

b. might have been

c. may be

d. may

e. might

11. In the generic sense, the process of artificial induction of immunity, in an effort to protect against... disease, works by 'priming' the immune system with an 'immunogen'.

a. infectious

b. nervous

c. contagious

d. serious

e. dangerous

12. Stimulating immune response, … use of an infectious agent, is known as immunization.

a. from

b. vice verse

c. because

d. via

e. through

13. Vaccinations … the administration of one or more immunogens, in the form of live, but weakened (attenuated) infectious agents, which normally are either weaker, but closely-related species (as with smallpox and cowpox), or strains weakened by some process.

a. protect

b. prevent

c. involve

d. contain

e. include

14. In such cases, an immunogen is called a ….

a. vaccines

b. vaccine

c. cocci

d. bacteria

e. viruses

15. Some modern vaccines … after the patient already has contracted a disease, as in the cases of experimental AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease vaccines.

a. to be administered

b. to administered

c. is administered

d. administered

e. are administered

16. Vaccination given after exposure to smallpox, within the first four days, is reported to attenuate the disease considerably, and vaccination within the first week … beneficial to a degree.

a. to know to be

b. is known to be

c. to be known

d. to have known

e. to have been known

17. The first Rabies immunization was given by … to a child bitten by a rabid dog, and then and subsequently post-exposure immunization to Rabies has generally been followed by survival.

a. Louise Pasteur

b. Edward Jenner

c. Joseph Lister

d. William Harvey

e. Amboise Pare

18. The essential empiricism behind such immunizations is that the vaccine triggers an immune response more …than the natural infection itself.

a. slowly

b. obviously

c. frequently

d. probably

e. rapidly

19. Most vaccines are given by hypodermic injection as they are not absorbed reliably … the gut.

a. from

b. out

c. in

d. through

e. across

20. Live attenuated Polio, some Typhoid and Cholera Vaccines are given orally in order … immunity based in the bowel.

a. to induce

b. to cause

c. to lead

d. to produce

e. to result in

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 1. Practise the pronunciation:

rhinitis [rai’naitis], encounter [in’kauntə ], frequent [‘frikwənt],

additive [‘æditiv], environment [in’vaiәr(ә)nmәnt]

Exercise 2. Choose all of the answers that denote (indicate or directly signify) or which match the key Latin-Greek elements in the questions:

1. bio-, as in biology or microbiotic, means:
(a) life (b) science (c) animal (d) two (e) living

2. pyro-, as in pyromania or pyrolatry, means:.
(a) fire (b) destroy (c) flame (d) smother (e) break

3. post-, as in postscript or posterior, means:
(a) against (b) after (c) write (d) behind (e) letter

4. mnem-, as in mnemonics or amnesia, means:
(a) teach (b) memory (c) forget (d) illness (e) remember

5. sol-, as in solarium or parasol, means:
(a) alone (b) sun (c) one (d) shade (e) helio

6. -cise or -cide, as in incision or excide, means:
(a) cut (b) clean (c) death (d) slit (e) kill

7. port-, as in transport or export, means:.
(a) to ship (b) to bare (c) to carry (d) to bear (e) to stand

Exercise 3. Topic vocabulary:

Pollen - пыльца;

Ragweed - амброзия полыннолистная;

Fall - осень (амер.);

Mite - клещ;

Weed - сорная трава, сорняк;

Mold - плесень; плесенный грибок;

Dander - перхоть;

Furry - пушистый, покрытый мехом (о животных);

Potent - сильнодействующий;

To counter - противостоять;

Exercise 4. Match the following English word combinations with the Russian ones.

1. increased sensitivity 1. отдышка

2. allergic reaction 2. дыхательный аппарат

3. a breathing apparatus 3. насморк

4. shortness of breath 4. повышенная чувствительность

5. runny nose 5. аллергическая реакция

Exercise 5. Translate the following words.

Abnormal, harmless, antibody, gastrointestinal, abdominal, carefully, outdoor,

environmental, cautious, causative, difficulty, shortness.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

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