Academic vocabulary

Complete the ACADEMIC VOCABULARY chart with the translation and transcription of the words. The code in the first column of the chart denotes the source of the word (the letter stands for the passage or text the word is taken from, and the figure stands for the line the word occurs in). Remember to use definitions as well as the context to find the appropriate Russian equivalents. Circle those meanings in which the words are used in unit texts, where applicable.

	word	transcription	definition	translation
noun
E 73	1. approach [C] [+ to ]		1. a method of doing sth or dealing with a problem
		2. movement nearer to sb/sth in distance or time
D1	2. area [C] [+ of ] [in +]		1. a particular part of a country, city etc.
		2. a particular subject or activity, or an aspect of it
E	3. cause[C] [+ of ]		a person, event or thing that makes sth happen
E 4	4. concept [C] [+ of ]		an idea of how sth is, or how sth should be done
E72	5. controversy [C,U] [+ over/ about / surrounding ]		a serious argument or disagreement among many people over a plan, decision etc., over a long period of time
C9, E9	6. discipline [U]		1. the practice of training people to obey rules and orders and punishing them if they do not; the controlled behaviour or situation that results from this training
[C]		2. an area of knowledge; a subject that people study or are taught, especially in a university
C14	7. domain[C] [in / within +] [outside + ] [+ of] formal		an area of knowledge or activity; especially one that sb is responsible for
A(f) E21	8. experience [U]		1. the knowledge and skill that you have gained through doing sth for a period of time
	[U]		2. the process of gaining knowledge and skills
	[C] [+ of ]		3. sth that happens to sb, or an event that sb is involved in
	[U]		4. direct personal awareness of or contact with a particular thing
	[U]		5. the sum total of the things that have happened to an individual and of his or her past thoughts and feelings
	[U]		6. knowledge acquired through the senses rather than through abstract reasoning
E107	9. field		1.an area of land in the country used for growing crops or keeping animals in, usually surrounded by a fence, etc
		2. a particular subject or activity that sb works in or is interested in
E78, 91	10. interpretation[C,U]		the particular way in which sth is understood or explained
E46	11. issue [C]		1. a problem or subject that people discuss
		2. one of a regular series of magazines or newspapers
A (f)	12. nature[U]		1. all the plants, animals and things that exist in the universe that are not made by people
[C, U] [by + ]		2. the usual way that a person or an animal behaves that is part of their character
[C, U] [by + ] [+ of ]		3. the basic qualities of a thing
A (c), C6, E16	13. science[U]		1. the study of the physical world and its manifestations, especially by using systematic observation and experiment (often used before a noun)
[U]		2. the study of science
[U,C]		3. a particular branch of science
[sing.] [+ of ]		4. any systematically organized body of knowledge about a specific subject
A (a)	14. study [C]		1. a piece of work that is done to find out more about a particular subject or problem, and usually includes a written report
	[U]		2. a particular type of subject that people learn about and study, esp. a science
	studies [plural]		3. subjects that people study, esp. several related subjects
	[U]		4. the activity of studying for school, college etc
adjectives
A (d)	15. human		of or connected with people rather than animals, machines or gods
E11	16. key		very important and necessary for success or to understand sth
E73	17. literal		1. being the basic or usual meaning of a word or phrase
		2. that follows the original words exactly
C13	18. major		1. very large or important
		2. related to sb's main subject of study in college
verbs
E	19. argue [I,T] [+ for / against sth] [that]		1.to state, giving clear reasons, that sth is true, should be done etc.
[I] [+ with] [+ about / over]		2. to disagree with sb in words, often in an angry way
E35	20. assume [T] [that]		to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it
D1, E 105	21. define [T] [+ sth as sth]		1. to explain the exact meaning of a particular word or idea
		2. to describe or show sth accurately
F62	22. emerge[I] [+ as sth]		to start to exist; to appear or become known
E39, 118	23. establish[T]		1. to start or create an organization, a system, etc. that is meant to last for a long time
		2. to start having a relationship, esp. a formal one, with another person, group or country
		3. to cause sth / sb to become generally accepted or recognized
		4. to discover facts that will prove that sth is true
E	24. identify [T] [sth [+ sb/sth as sb/sth]		1. to recognize sb/sth and be able to say who or what they are
		2. to find or discover sb/sth
D6	25. observe [T]		1. to see or notice sb/sth
			2. to watch sb/sth carefully, especially to learn more about them
	formal		3. to make a remark
E85	26. refer referred, referring refer to [T] PHRASAL VERB		1. to mention or speak about sb/sth
[+ to ]		2. to describe or be connected to sb/sth
		3. to look at sth or ask a person for information; CONSULT
[+ sb/sth to sb/sth]		4. to send sb/sth to sb/sth for help, advice or a decision
C11	27. state[T]		to formally write or say sth, especially in a careful and clear way
A(h)	28. underlie[T] underlay, underlain formal		to be the basis or cause of sth