Exercise 2. Read the text. Exercise 1. Learn the following words and word-combinations

Exercise 1. Learn the following words and word-combinations.

Text A Emergency

Emergency Situations (Чрезвычайные ситуации)

avalanche – лавина

core – главный, основной

deal with – иметь дело с

due to – благодаря, из-за

earthquake – землетрясение

emergency – чрезвычайная ситуация

emergency situation source – источник чрезвычайных ситуаций

flood – наводнение

hail – град

heavy snowfall – сильный снегопад

hurricane – ураган

landslide – оползень

man-made (human-made) disaster – техногенная катастрофа

natural disaster – стихийное бедствие

natural phenomenon – природное явление

pouring rain – проливной дождь

scale – масштаб

secondary – второстепенный

trans-border – трансграничный

The history of the world civilization has always been closely connected with natural disasters and human-made (or man-made) disasters. Both can be defined as emergency situations. An emergency is a situation which poses an immediate risk to health, life, property or environment. Most emergencies require urgent intervention to prevent a worsening of the situation. In order to be defined as an emergency, the incident should be one of the following:

- immediate threat to life, health, property or environment

- it has already caused loss of life, health detriments, property damage or environmental damage

- it has a high probability of escalating to cause immediate danger to life, health, property or environment

Emergency situation source is a dangerous natural phenomenon, man-made hazards of any origin, a widely-spread infectious disease of people, domestic and wild animals, birds, plants and also the usage of modern (especially nuclear) weapons.

All emergency situations can be classified according to their source of origin and according to their scale.

Source of origin:

- natural - man-made (technological)

- bio-social - military

Scale of emergency:

- local - trans-border

- regional - federal

The most fatal for the mankind are the following natural disasters:

- geological (earthquakes, volcano eruptions, landslides, avalanches)

- hydrological (floods)

- meteorological(or weather) – heavy snowfalls, hail, hurricanes, tornado, pouring rains

- natural fires (wildland fires)

The source of a man-made emergency situation can be an industrial or traffic accident, fires, explosions or the release of energy of various types (e.g. nuclear energy). Man-made disasters can be caused by human action, negligence, or error. Man-made disasters are classified as technological or sociological. Technological disaster is the result of failure of technology, such as engineering failures, transport disasters, or environmental disasters. Sociological disasters have a strong human motive, such as criminal acts, stampedes, riots, and wars.

Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95 per cent of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater in developing countries than in industrialized countries.

Most developed countries have a number of emergency services, their main goal is to provide assistance in dealing with any emergency which may occur. They are often government operated, paid for tax revenue as a public service, but in some cases they may be private companies, responding to emergencies in return for payment, or they may be voluntary organizations, providing the assistance from funds raised from donations.

Most developed countries have three core emergency services which are:

Police – who deal with security of person and property. They may also deal with punishment of those who cause an emergency through their actions.

Fire service – who deal with potentially harmful fires and also with rescue operations such as, for example, road traffic collisions. Their actions help prevent loss of life, damage to health and damage to or loss of property.

Emergency medical service – this service attempts to reduce loss of life or damage to health.

There may also be a number of secondary emergency services, which may be a part of one of the core agencies, or may be separate organizations which assist the main agencies. These can include services providing special rescue (such as mountain rescue or mine rescue), bomb disposal or search and rescue.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions:

17. What is an emergency?

18. In what case should the incident be defined as an emergency?

19. How can you define an “emergency situation source”?

20. How can all emergency situations be classified according to their source of origin?

21. What is the classification according to the scale?

22. What natural disasters are the most fatal for the mankind?

23. What can be the source of a man-made emergency?

24. What are man-made disasters caused by?

25. How can you define a sociological disaster?

26. What are the three core emergency services in most developed countries?

27. Which countries, developing or industrialized ones, suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits?

28. What are the functions of Police?

29. What is Fire Service responsible for?

30. What does Emergency Medical Service deal with?

31. What do secondary emergency services usually deal with?

Exercise 4. Match the columns:

1. An emergency is a situation 2. Emergency situation source is 3. All emergency situations can be classified 4. The source of emergency man-made situation can be 5. Man-made disasters can be classified as 6. Developing countries suffer greater costs than 7. The main goal of emergency services is 8. There are three core emergency services 9. Fire service deals with 10. Secondary emergency services can provide

a. special rescue such as mountain or mine rescue, bomb disposal etc. b. according to their source of origin and source of scale c. which poses an immediate risk to health, life property or environment. d. an industrial or traffic accident, fires explosions and so on. e. a dangerous natural phenomenon, man-made hazards, diseases etc. f. technological or sociological. g. potentially harmful fires and also with rescue operations. h. police, fire service and emergency medical service. i. industrialized countries. j. g. to provide assistance in dealing with any emergency which may occur.

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