Functions of the gerund

Forms of the gerund

Unit 6. The Gerund

Participle constructions

Functions of the participle

Forms of the participle

Unit 5. The Participle

	Active	Passive
Participle I	delivering	being delivered
Participle II		delivered
Perfect Participle	having delivered	having been delivered

1. Attribute	Mother is looking at her sleeping child.
2. Adverbial modifier а) of time b) of reason c) of manner or attendant circumstances	When asked he refused to answer the question. Having been translated into many languages the book became world famous. Не was reading the newspaper sitting in the armchair.
3. Part of the predicate	The plan is being discussed. All doors were locked.

Construction	Example
Objective Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron. (obj. c.)	We heard him playing the piano. I considered the work done. I had my books bound.
Subjective Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron. (nom. c.)	Не was seen crossing the street. She was heard talking about it. Не was seen looking for something.

Absolute Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron. (nom. c.)

It being warm, we went for a walk. Radio was invented in 1895, the inventor being the Russian scientist.

	Active	Passive
Gerund	shipping	being shipped
Perfect Gerund	having shipped	having been shipped

Function	Usage	Example
Subject		Swimming is my favorite sport.
Part of the compound predicate	after the verb: to be; with prepositions: against, for; with the expressions: to be on the point of, to be far from; after the verbs: to stop, to finish, to continue, to go on, to keep, to begin, tо start, to like, to need, to prefer and others.	My task is reading a book. The director is for starting the talks at once. The negotiations are still far from being ended. Stop talking. He kept on asking her about the details. Your suggestion needs discussing. I prefer reading classical novels.
Object а) direct object b) prepositional object	after the verbs: to remember, to enjoy, to mind, to excuse, to be worth;   after the verbs with prepositions: to depend on, to rely on, to object to, to blame... for, to thank for, to be responsible for, to be fond of, to be tired of, to be afraid of, to look forward to, to feel like and others.	She suggested discussing this question. I don't mind going there. Не is fond of collecting old cars.   I am afraid of making a mistake.   I am tired of arguing with you.
Attribute	After the nouns with prepositions: way (of), opportunity(of), hope of, ехреrience (in), геаson (for), interest (in), importance of and others.	You have no reason for saying that.   I understand the importance of learning English.
Adverbail Modifier а) of time b) of manner or attendant circumstances с) of purpose	with prepositions: after, before, on;   with prepositions: by, without, instead of, besides, apart from;   with the expressions: for the purpose of, with the object of, with a view to;	After returning home he resumed his work.   She left the room without looking at me.     The board was established for the purpose of improving the process.

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