International civil aviation organizations

It is known that the pioneers of aviation were men of different nationalities and of many countries: Deadalus and Leonardo de Vinci, Lilienthal and Bleriot, Mozhaiski and the Wright brothers and others. So the aeroplane is a creature of no one country's knowledge and efforts. A peculiarity of air transport made it clear from the start that the development of aviation was impossible without international agreement. That's why the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was created. It happened in 1944 at a conference of 52 nations held in Chicago. At present there are about 200 member States in ICAO. Its headquarters is in Canada, Montreal. The working languages of ICAO are English, French, Spanish and Russian. Russia has been the member of ICAO since 1970.

It is very difficult to describe all of ICAO's activities. ICAO solves many problems on the international level. ICAO has a coordination agency. One of its purposes is to gather knowledge widely scattered among nations and to standardize the equipment and operational techniques used in air navigation in and over the territories of its member-states. The main task of ICAO is the flight safety. The aims of the Organization are spelt out in Article 44 of the Chicago Convention. These are to develop the principles and techniques of international air navigation, to plan and develop international air transport; to encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes; to encourage the development of airways, airports and air navigation facilities for international civil aviation, and so on.

To ensure the safe and efficient worldwide aviation operation ICAO has developed technical specifications forming the basis for uniform rules and procedures. Standardization affects the air-worthiness of aircraft, facilities and services required for aircraft operations elsewhere. These include: aerodromes, communications, navigational aids, meteorology, air traffic services,.search and rescue, information services. ICAO is doing much to make the air more clear. There are special standards to reduce noise by designing new quieter aircraft. ICAO has set up standards for air crew and controllers as well. IСAO is also doing much to prepare and train aviation specialists.

The second in its importance organization after ICAO for international civil aviation is IATA - International Air Transport Association founded in 1945. It is one of the international civil aviation organizations uniting world airlines. IATA is concentrated on the safety problem. Its main objective is to contribute to safe and regular development of civil aviation and to cooperation of world airlines. Its Technical Committee deals with the problem of safety, standardization of aviation equipment, training of flying personnel, communications, meteorology, aerodromes, navigational aids, etc. All IATA members report the data on flying, taxying and other ground incidents including maintenance deficiencies. Flight safety experts, aviation specialists and scientists of the member States investigate these accidents to prevent them in future. Russia is a member of IATA, it conforms to the IATA's standards, procedures and documents which is of great importance for studying and solving the problems which IATA deals with.

International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers' Association (IFATCA) was founded in 1961 with the purpose to enable the national associations to study and solve the problems for the development of air traffic control art and to create a better understanding among the controllers serving international aviation.

Eurocontrol is the European organization working for air navigation safety. It was created in 1963 for better service of European airspace. Some European countries have signed the agreement of cooperation for the safety of air navigation and organized common air traffic services in the upper airspace.

Exercises

I. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is ICAO?

2. When and where was ICAO created?

3. How many member States are there in ICAO?

4. Is Russia a member State of ICAO?

5. How long has Russia been the member of ICAO?

6. Where is the ICAO's headquarters?

7. What are the working languages of ICAO?

8. What is the main task of ICAO?

9. Where are the main aims of ICAO spelt out?

10. How does ICAO ensure the safe and efficient aviation operation?

11. What for are the uniform rules and procedures required?

12. What other international Civil Aviation Organizations do you know?

13. What is IATA? IFATCA? Eurocontrol?

II. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на словообразующие элементы:

different – difference – differently

difficult – difficulty

active – activity

standard – standardize – standardization

equip – equipment

facility – facilitate

efficient – efficiency – efficiently

require – requirement

reduce – reduction

control – controller

investigate – investigation – investigator

prevent – prevention – preventive

III. Найдите в тексте эквивалент следующим словосочетаниям:

воздушный транспорт, безопасность полета, конструкция самолета, навигационные средства, правила воздушного движения, авиационные специалисты, проблема безопасности, информационная служба, мировые авиакомпании, воздушная навигация, полет самолета.

IV. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Ясно, что невозможно обеспечить безопасный полет без международного сотрудничества.

2. ИКАО была создана в 1944 г. на Конференции 52 наций в Чикаго.

3. Штаб-квартира ИКАО находится в Канаде, в Монреале.

4. В настоящее время в ИКАО около 200 стран – членов ИКАО.

5. Россия не была членом ИКАО до 1970 г.

6. ИКАО решает много проблем, но главная из них - безопасность полетов.

7. Основная задача ИКАО – стандартизировать оборудование и технику, используемые в воздушной навигации над территориями ее стран – участников.

8. Существуют общие правила полета и процедуры, которые все страны – участники должны соблюдать.

9. Постоянный орган ИКАО - Совет.

10. Первым президентом ИКАО был Эдвард Вона.

11. Все авиационные проблемы выражены (даны) в 18 Приложениях к Конвенции.

12. ИКАО много делает для подготовки и тренировки авиационных специалистов, как пилотов, так и диспетчеров.

13. Имеется несколько других международных авиационных организаций гражданской авиации.

14. Члены ИАТА сообщают данные о катастрофах, которые произошли в их стране.

15. Эксперты ИАТА расследуют эти катастрофы, чтобы предотвратить их в будущем.

16. ИФАТКА помогает всем диспетчерам, обслуживающим международную авиацию, лучше понимать друг друга.

17. Евроконтроль был создан для лучшего обслуживания европейского воздушного пространства.

Aeronautical Information Services (AIS)

Standards and Recommended practices for Aeronautical Information Services were first adopted by the Council on 15 May 1953, and were designated as Annex 15 to the ICAO Convention. This Annex became applicable on 1 April 1954.

Each country provides aeronautical information concerning its own territory. It is published in the Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) and in Notices to Airmen (NOTAM). ICAO personnel engaged in aeronautical information services do not provide actual service, but check on whether these services are provided in ICAO’s members States. NOTAM are classified into two categories, I and II. Both classes contain information concerning the establishment, condition or change in any aeronautical facility, service procedure or hazard the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations.

Information generated by AIS and AIP system is directed to pilots before taking off. NOTAM information might include advice that a certain airspace will be temporarily closed because of rocket launching, for example, or that a non-directional radio navigation beacon at a particular location is inoperative.

In addition to NOTAM ICAO adopted a SNOWTAM, a special series of NOTAM informing about the presence or removal of hazardous conditions at airport due to snow, ice, slush or standing water on the aircraft movement areas of airports.

A pilot planning a flight will prepare his flight plan according to the NOTAM information. What information does a pilot need? This information is quite varied. First of all he wants to know which airway to follow to the aerodrome of his destination. Further information needed by the pilot is that about facilities available en route and at the point of destination, the length of the runways, the communication frequencies, meteorological information, etc. He fills out a flight plan giving the route he is to follow and the description of the route, the name of the aerodrome of his destination and also the name of the alternate aerodrome and other information. He must indicate whether he will fly IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) or VFR (Visual Flight Rules) or, a combination of both.

Having the information received from the pilot Air Traffic Control can control the flight.

Exercises

I. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. When did Annex 15 become applicable?

2. What is NOTAM?

3. What information does NOTAM contain?

4. Where is aeronautical information published?

5. Is AIP an international publication?

6. What is the task of ICAO aeronautical information services personnel?

7. When is the necessary information directed to pilots?

8. When does the pilot need the information?

9. What information does a pilot need to plan his flight?

10. How is a flight planned?

11. What flight rules there exist?

II. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на словообразующие элементы:

apply – appliance – applicable – applicant – application

provide – provider – provision - provisional

inform – informer – information – informal – informality – informative

direct – direction – directional – directly – director

locate - location - locally – localize – local

move – movement – movable – moveless - mover

service – serviceable – unserviceable

change – changeable – changeability – changeless

present – presence – presently – presentable – presentation

control – controllable – controller – uncontrollable

vary – variable – variability – variety – variation – variant

III. Найдите в тексте эквивалент следующим словосочетаниям:

стандарты и рекомендуемые практики, служба аэронавигационной информации, государства – члены ИКАО, выполнение полетов, зоны движения самолетов, частоты связи, запуск ракет, правила инструментального полета, правила визуального полета.

IV. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Аэронавигационная информация, касающаяся территории государства – члена ИКАО, публикуется в Сборнике аэронавигационной информации.

2. Сборник аэронавигационной информации содержит информацию о аэродромах вылета и назначения.

3. НОТАМ – международный сборник аэронавигационной информации, которая имеет большое значение для планирования и производства полетов.

4. Если аэродром назначения по каким-либо причинам закрыт, пилот следует на запасной аэродром, указанный в его плане полета.

5. Знание аэронавигационной информации обеспечивает безопасность и эффективность полетов.

6. Перед планированием полета пилот должен получить всю необходимую информацию, входящую в НОТАМ.

Дата добавления: 2015-03-29