XX. Say why the italicized synonyms in the examples given below are not interchangeable

XIX. Look through the lecture and, if necessary, through synonymic dictionaries and prove that the rows of words given below are synonyms. Use the semantic criterion to justify your opinion.

XVII. Carry out definitional and transformational analysis on the italicized synonyms using the explanations of meanings given below. Examples of this type of analysis are given with the verb to look. Draw diagrams and define the types of connotations found in them.

1. To create means to make an object which was not previously in existence, to bring into existence by inspiration or the like; to manufacture is to make by labour, often by machinery, especially on a large scale by some industrial process; to produce is to work up from raw material and turn it into economically useful and marketable goods.

2. To break is to separate into parts or fragments; to crack is to break anything hard with a sudden sharp blow without separating, so that the pieces remain together; to shatter is to break into fragments, particles and in numerous directions; to smash is to destroy, to break thoroughly to pieces with a crashing sound by some sudden act of violence.

4. To cry is to express grief or pain by audible lamentations, to shed tears with or without sound; to sob is to cry desperately with convulsive catching of the breath mid noisily as from heart-rending grief; to weep means to shed tears more or less silently which is sometimes expression of pleasurable emotion.

5. Battle denotes the act of struggling, a hostile encounter or engagement between opposite forces on sea or land; combat denotes a struggle between armed forces, or individuals, it is usually of a smaller scale than battle, less frequently used in a figurative sense; fight denotes a struggle for victory, either between individuals or between armies, ships or navies, it is a word of less dignity than battle, fight usually implies a hand-to-hand conflict.

XVIII. Consult the diagram about the verb to look and using the definitions of the following synonyms and the explanation given in the English-Russian Synonymic Dictionary¹ [ Ю. Д. Апресян, В. В. Ботякова, Т. Э. Латышева и др. Англо-русский синонимический словарь. М., 1979.] prove that synonyms possess a dual nature. Draw the diagrams of meanings to illustrate your answer as in Exercise IV.

1. smell — scent — odour — aroma. 2. to want — to wish — to desire. 3. weak — feeble — frail — fragile. 6. large — big — great. 4. to jump — to leap — to spring — to skip — to hop. 5. pain — ache — pang — twinge. 6. to discuss — to argue — to debate — to dispute.

1. To shout — to yell— to roar. 2. fear—terror— horror. 3. to cry — to weep — to sob. 4. to walk — to trot — to stroll.

1. a) She is a very pretty American girl of twenty-two, with fair hair and blue eyes. b) She was a tall, blonde woman, slender, and stately and beautiful. 2. a) You don't know what a shock it was, Constance. I'd been brooding over it ever since till I was afraid I should go mad. b) She'd evidently had time to reflect because when I came again she asked me quite calmly what it was exactly that I proposed. 3. a) She began to sob hysterically. b) Mortimer looks from Marie Louise who is quietly weeping to Constance with the utmost bewilderment. 4. a) You only want a car so that you can be independent of me. b) She longed with all her heart for him to take her in his arms so that she could lay her head on his breast. 5. a) He was puzzled at the letter, b) I was astonished at seeing him so changed. 6. a) Many of them had their sleeves rolled up, revealing bare arms. b) He saw naked children playing on the heaps of rubbish. 7.. a) There was a scent of honey from the lime-trees in flowers, b) The room was permeated with the familiar smells of dust and yesterday's cooking.

XXI. From the sentences given below write out the synonyms in groups and classify them into: A. synonyms differentiated by the connotation of duration; B. synonyms differentiated by the connotation of degree or intensity; C. synonyms differentiated by the causative connotation. Explain the reasons for your decisions.

1. He shuddered at the thought of a meeting that lay before him. 2. The whole situation, he tells me, was extraordinary, like that of an African explorer who, endeavouring to ignore one of the local serpents, finds himself exchanging glances with a man-eating tiger. 3. He merely blushed and said that he was jolly well going to go, because this girl was in Cannes. 4. Gosh, how I used to admire you at the dear old school. You were my hero. 5. What I really want is a meal. 6. That is the trouble about Cannes in August — it becomes very mixed. You get there splendid chaps who were worshipped by their schoolmates — and you also get men like this bookie. 7. He resents their cold stare. 8. Her voice was trembling with excitement. 9. He made a short speech in French, and the mothers all applauded, and the babies all yelled. 10. The girl was shivering with cold. 11. I must confess I am a little surprised. 12. "A truck driver." shouted someone from the audience. 13. "You have settled it!" cried the astonished parent. 14. The audience roared with laughter. 15. He was speaking for half an hour or so. 16. His face reddened, he could hardly keep his temper. 17. "I adore you, Mary," he said. 18. His eyes glittered with malice. 19. She would have liked to go there herself but couldn't. 20. His eyes were blazing as he heard how cruelly the children had been treated. 21.1 was perfectly amazed that one man, all by himself, should have been able to beat down and capture such battalions of practised fighters. 22. His eyes sparkled with happiness.

XXII. Classify the following synonyms in two columns according to: a) degree (intensity) of the referent; b) brief or lengthy duration of the referent.

1. Gratify, please, exalt, content, satisfy, delight. 2. Cry, weep, sob. 3. Glance, gaze, glare, stare. 4. Tremble, shiver, shudder, shake. 5. Worship, love, like, adore, admire. 6. Talk, say, tell, speak. 7. Roar, shout, cry, bellow, yell. 8. Astound, surprise, amaze, astonish. 9. Cold, cool, chilly. 10. Want, long, yearn, desire, wish. 11. Vast, immense, large.

XXIII. Do the italicized words possess stylistic connotations? If so, what are their stylistic characteristics?

1. a) I was a very young man when I first came to London and I made mistakes, b) I've found him very useful. Not a bad chap. c) I put a very smart lad on the job. d) He is a very nice fellow. 2. a) The sister drew back the cloth and displayed four tiny, naked infants. b) She knew that he had desperately wanted her to bear a child, c) You ought to have a kid or two. 3. a) What I really want is a meal. b) I could do with a snack, c) Let's have a bite. d) They decided to order some refreshment. 4. a) "Now clear out," Althrope says, "both of you." b) He nodded, grinned again at her, then withdrew and went out to the main deck. c) In silence the widow departed. d) When he left the house he promised to return at nine o'clock that night, e) I'm busy. Clear off quickly. f) She liked to read before retiring for the night.

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