Жиркевич А.С

Материалы практических занятий

II. Read, translate and retell the text “Tunnelling”.

Examination Question – Paper № 20

Underground mining and tunnelling of the civil engineering kind have many things in common, although there are subtle differences between them. The techniques used in the excavation of mine haulage roads are almost identical to those used in tunneling, and in many cases use the same equipment such as boom-type roadheaders and tunnel boring machine.

While the similarities between mining roadways and civil tunnels are readily apparent, the differences may be less so. First, clearly, is the motive behind the creation of the excavation. A roadway and a tunnel are each driven to create access, but the economics of the two kinds of work are different. For most of the history of mining the roadways were driven in the mineral lode or coal seam. They not only gave access to further reserves, they helped pay for themselves.

Even in these days when a great deal of mine development is off-lode, the only purpose in driving a heading is to permit the ultimate conversion of mineral reserves into saleable product. The mine roadway, therefore, has no value of itself, except as a means of permitting the sale of coal or ore. When the ore reserves are exhausted, the opening ceased to serve any purpose. It is not necessary, therefore, to plan for a longer life than that dedicated by the needs of mineral extractions.

A tunnel driven by civil engineers, however, has a different kind of value. For the most part, any rock excavated is so much spoil to be disposed of, and normally represents a cost liability rather than a potential source of revenue. In contrast with a mining roadway, the valuable commodity which a tunnel is creating is simply space.

The space in tunnels is usually associated with some form of transportation whose functioning is thereby made possible. Whereas mines help to provide for mankind’s material needs, tunnels driven for civil purposes help to improve the overall level of convenience in living.

Зав. кафедри ТіППГіРМ М.М. Барков

по дисциплине “ Основы строительного дела и материалы ”

Выполнила:

студентка 3к. 7гр.

Минск 2009 г.
Содержание:

Содержание.. 2

Введение.. 3

1. Общая часть. 4

1.1 Назначение здания и место его постройки. 4

1.2 Климатическая характеристика района строительства. 4

2. Архитектурно-конструктивное решение.. 5

2.1 Описание планировки здания с указанием его размеров. 5

2.2 Описание всех конструктивных элементов здания. 5

2.2.1 Фундамент. 5

2.2.2 Расчёт ленточного фундамента. 5

2.2.3 Стены.. 7

2.2.4 Крыша. 7

2.2.5 Перекрытия. 8

2.2.6 Перегородки. 9

2.2.7 Окна. 9

2.2.8 Двери. 9

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