Antonymy and Synonymy in the English language

ЛЕКЦИЯ 6

Phraseology of the English language

ЛЕКЦИЯ 5

The term "phraseological unit" or "idiom". The problem of terminology: set expressions, set-phrases, phrases, fixed word-groups, collocations.

The problem of distinguishing between free word-groups and phraseological units - semantic and structural criteria. Semantic criteria - the degree of semantic change ("completely or partially transferred meaning). Structural criteria - restriction in substitution, restriction in introducing any additional components, grammatical invariatility.

Principles of classification. The traditional principle. The semantic principle - V.V. Vinogradov's classification (phraseological combinations, unities and fusions). The structural principle: verbal, substantive, adjectival, adverbial, interjectional phraseological units. Professor A.V. Koonin's classification - the classification based on the combined structural-semantic principle and the quotient of stability of phraseological units: 1) Nominative phraseological units; 2) nominative-communicative phraseological units; 3) interjectional word-groups; 4) communicative phraseological units (proverbs and sayings). N.N. Ammosova's concept of contextual anaysis. Units of fixed context: a) phrasemes; b) idioms. Two types of idioms. Familiar quotations and proverbs.

The problem of synonymy. The duality of synonyms. Synonyms as the source of expressiveness.

Criteria of synonymy. Conceptual criterion. Semantic criterion. Componential analysis - synonyms as words with the same denotation, but differing in connotation. Definitional analysis. Transformational analysis. The criterion of interchangeability.

Types of synonyms. V.V. Vinogradov's classification system: ideographic (words conveying the same concept bud differing in shades of meaning), stylistic (differing in stylistic characteristics) and absolute (coinciding in all their shades of meaning and in all their stylistic characteristics) synonyms. Vagueness of the term "shades of meaning". Synonyms as words differing in connotations. Types of connotations. 1) degree of intensity; 2) duration; 3) emotive; 4) evaluative; 5) causative; 6) manner; 7) attendant circumstances; 8) attendant features; 9) stylistic. Dominant synonym - high frequency of usage; broad combinability; broad general meaning; lack of connotations. Euphemisms.

Antonyms. Contrasting meanings (polarity of meanings). Antonymy and parts of speech. Reflected associations. Antonyms proper. Complementaries. Conversives.

Дата добавления: 2015-05-10