Lecture 7: the short time-scale of revolutions

Lecture 6: the long time-scale of revolutionaries

Revolutionaries are human beings who are dedicated to changing the way things are. They are also intensely creative agents who develop long-standing subcultures, institutions and intellectual traditions. This lecture looks at contemporary counter-cultural movements and their relationship to the long time-scale.

· Hakim Bey, T.A.Z. the temporary autonomous zone: ontological anarchy, poetic terrorism. Brooklyn: Autonomedia, 1991. Also available online at http://www.t0.or.at/hakimbey/taz/taz.htm

· Steven Brust and Emma Bull, Freedom and necessity. New York: Tom Doherty, 1997 (novel)

· Laurence Cox, "Power, politics and everyday life: the local rationalities of social movement milieux." 46 - 66 in Paul Bagguley and Jeff Hearn (eds.), Transforming politics: power and resistance. London: BSA / Macmillan, 1999. Also available online at this address

· Von Dirke, "All power to the imagination!" The west German counterculture from the student movement to the Greens. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1997

· Antonio Gramsci, Prison Letters. London: Pluto, 1996

· George Katsiaficas, The subversion of politics: European autonomous movements and the decolonisation of everyday life. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1997

· Ursula le Guin, Malafrena. London: Gollancz, 1980 (novel)

· Robert Lumley, States of emergency: cultures of revolt in Italy 1968 - 1978. London: Verso

· George McKay, Senseless acts of beauty: cultures of resistance since the Sixties. London: Verso, 1996

· Alberto Melucci, Nomads of the present. London: Hutchinson, 1989

· Ray Mungo, Famous long ago: my life and hard times with Liberation News Service, at Total Loss Farm and on the Dharma Trail. New York: Citadel, 1990

· Starhawk, Walking to Mercury. London: Thorsons, 1997 (novel)

· Mike Waite, "Flecks, frames and carriers". In Colin Barker and Mike Tyldesley (eds.), Alternative futures and popular protest III. Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University, 1997

Revolutionary situations take place over relatively short periods of time, within which ordinary people mobilise (and demobilise) themselves in huge numbers. These processes develop the divide between the "legal country" and the "real country" to the point where the one is overthrown in favour of the other. This lecture takes the case of the "classic" French Revolution of 1789 - 1793 to look at a few of the key moments involved.

· Jane Alpert, Growing up underground. New York: Citadel, 1990

· Colin Barker, "Emotions and social movements: the case of Gdansk 1980". In Colin Barker and Mike Tyldesley (eds.), Fifth international conference on Alternative futures and popular protest. Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University, 1999

· Alfred Cobban, The social interpretation of the French Revolution. 1964

· François Furet and Mona Ozouf (eds.), A critical dictionary of the French revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989

· M Gililand, The free. London: Attack, 1990 (novel)

· Norman Hampson, A social history of the French Revolution. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966

· Eric Hobsbawm, Echoes of the Marseillaise: two centuries look back on the French Revolution. London: Verso, 1990

· Henri Lefebvre, The explosion: Marxism and the French Revolution. New York: Monthly Review, 1969

· China Miéville, Perdido Street Station. London: Macmillan, 2000 (novel)

· George Rudé, The crowd in the French Revolution. Oxford: Clarendon, 1960

Lecture 8: "Nothing ever changes": the outcomes of revolutionary situations

Successful revolutions give rise to new political, and sometimes social, orders. Failed revolutions leave long legacies of defeat, subcultures and repression. There is therefore a lot at stake, and a constant temptation to "fudge it" and avoid confrontation. How do revolutionary situations arrive at moments of decision, and what determines their outcomes? This lecture looks at some specific aspects of the revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe.

· Tamas Aczel, The revolt of the mind: a case history of intellectual resistance behind the iron curtain. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 1974

· Timothy Garton Ash, We the people: the revolutions of '89. London: Penguin, 1999

· Colin Barker and Colin Mooers, "Theories of revolution in the light of 1989 in Eastern Europe". Cultural dynamics 9.1, 1997

· Jack Bloom, "The Bydgoszcz confrontation in Poland, 1981 as an example of a crucial turning point in a social movement". In Colin Barker and Mike Tyldesley (eds.), Fifth international conference on Alternative futures and popular protest. Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University, 1999

· Daniel Brook, "The Beijing Spring and beyond: modern revolution in China". In Colin Barker and Mike Tyldesley (eds.), Alternative futures and popular protest II. Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University, 1996

· Gareth Dale, "The East German revolution of 1989", in Colin Barker and Paul Kennedy (eds.), To make another world: studies in protest and collective action. Aldershot: Avebury, 1996

· Misha Glenny, The rebirth of history: Eastern Europe in the age of democracy. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1993 (2nd edition)

· Vaclav Havel, Living in truth. London: Faber, 1989

· Eric Hobsbawm, Revolutionaries. London: Abacus, 1999

· Ursula Le Guin, The dispossessed: an ambiguous utopia. London: Gollancz, 1974 (novel)

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